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Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 57:3:257-268 (2006)
Copyright © 2006 by the American Society for Enology and Viticulture.
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Cultural Practice and Environmental Impacts on the Flavonoid Composition of Grapes and Wine: A Review of Recent Research

Mark O. Downey1,*, Nick K. Dokoozlian2 and Mark P. Krstic3

1 Senior research scientist, Viticulture and Enology, Primary Industries Research Victoria, PO Box 905, Mildura, Victoria 3502, Australia; 2 Vice president, viticulture, E&J Gallo Winery, PO Box 1130, Modesto, CA 95353 USA; and 3 Section leader, Physiology and Food Sciences, Primary Industries Research Victoria.

* Corresponding author [email: mark.downey{at}dpi.vic.gov.au; fax: 61 3 505 14523]

Flavonoids are a large and diverse group of compounds that, by their presence or absence, contribute greatly to wine quality. While the flavonoid content and composition of a wine reflects the vinification process to some extent, the primary determinant is the composition of the grapes at harvest. Thus, considerable research has been directed toward understanding the nature of flavonoids in grapevines, the factors that influence their biosynthesis, and how this knowledge might be used to manage and manipulate the flavonoid composition of berries at harvest. This review examines the flavonoids as a class of compounds, the role these compounds play in the plant, their contributions to wine quality, and recent research on the impacts of environmental factors and cultural practices on the flavonoid content and composition of grape berries.

Key words: phenolic, polyphenol, flavonoid, anthocyanin, flavonol, flavan-3-ol, tannin, proanthocyanidin




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