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Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 56:2:192-195 (2005)
Copyright © 2005 by the American Society for Enology and Viticulture.
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Research Note

VR O43-43: A Lime-Susceptible Rootstock

Luigi Bavaresco*, Pasquale Presutto and Silvia Civardi

Istituto di Frutti-Viticoltura, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, I-29100 Piacenza, Italy.

* Corresponding author [Email: luigi.bavaresco{at}unicatt.it; tel: 39 0523 599267; fax: 39 0523 599268]


   Abstract
Top
 Abstract
Materials and Methods
 Results and Discussion
 Conclusion
 Literature Cited
 
Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon clone R5 was grafted onto V. vinifera x Muscadinia rotundifolia Small rootstock VR O43-43 and grown in pots of a noncalcareous and a calcareous soil in order to examine the lime susceptibility/resistance of this rootstock. Chlorosis occurrence and mineral element composition of young leaves were recorded at fruit set and veraison, while grape production and quality were measured at harvest. The rootstock induced severe chlorosis symptoms to the plants growing on the calcareous soil. Chlorotic leaves had higher macronutrient levels than green leaves and leaf iron concentration did not correlate with chlorosis occurrence. At harvest, the calcareous soil strongly deceased grape yield, cluster and berry size, titratable acidity, and tartaric acid, while soluble solids, pH, and juice color increased.

Key words: rootstock, lime, chlorosis, grape yield, grape quality

Muscadinia rotundifolia Small is native to the southeastern United States and is abundant in northern Florida, South Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama. Among American species, it has broad resistance to disease and pests compared to the Vitis vinifera L. grape (Patel and Olmo 1955, Olmo 1986). In 1859, A.P. Wylie first produced hybrids of V. vinifera x M. rotundifolia by crossing Muscat Frontignan and Black Hamburg with M. rotundifolia pollen. Wylie (1871) reported that M. rotundifolia could not be fertilized with V. vinifera pollen, but that the reverse cross was successful. Other hybrids were produced in 1916 at Willard, North Carolina (Mortensen 1971), and beginning in 1942 a large breeding program was undertaken at the University of California, Davis, by H.P. Olmo (1971).

The Davis breeding program released two new root-stocks resistant to fanleaf virus: O39-16 and O43-43. Both of these V. vinifera x M. rotundifolia (VR) hybrids were patented (Walker et al. 1994a). The ability of these grape rootstocks to influence grape yield and quality and their resistance/susceptibility to biotic stress have been reported (Lider and Goheen 1986, Granett et al. 1987, Walker et al. 1994a,b); however, no data are available on soil adaptation, including lime stress conditions.

Calcareous soils are common in some of the most important European viticultural areas, and grapevines growing on such soils often suffer from lime-induced chlorosis. The typical symptoms are leaf interveinal yellowing and reduced plant biomass because of a lower photosynthetic rate caused by decrease of leaf chlorophyll content under iron (Fe) deficiency (Bavaresco et al. 1992, 2003, Bavaresco and Poni 2003). The best way to overcome lime-induced chlorosis is to choose a lime-tolerant rootstock for new vineyard establishment. Such lime-tolerant rootstocks (such as 140 Ru, 41B, and Fercal) are used by viticulturists on calcareous soils worldwide (Pouget 1980). The physiological mechanisms by which these rootstocks overcome chlorosis when grown on calcareous soil, include increased root Fe uptake and reducing capacity (Bavaresco et al. 1991, Marschner 1995, Brancadoro et al. 1995, Nikolic et al. 2000). The goal of the research in this report was to investigate the degree of lime tolerance/susceptibility of VR O43-43 rootstock when grafted with V. vinifera cv. Cabernet Sauvignon, a chlorosis-susceptible variety (Bavaresco et al. 2000).


   Materials and Methods
Top
 Abstract
 Materials and Methods
Results and Discussion
 Conclusion
 Literature Cited
 
Cabernet Sauvignon clone R5 was grafted onto the hybrid rootstock VR O43-43, reported to be a hybrid of V. vinifera cv. Hunisa x Muscadinia rotundifolia male #1, and therefore a half-sibling of O39-16. However, according to recent SSR fingerprinting data (M.A. Walker, personal communication, 2004), O43-43 is a sibling of O39-16. The vines were grown in both noncalcareous and calcareous soil (45-L pots). The main soil characteristics, before adding basic nutrients, are given in Table 1Go. The pots were placed in the open, on a platform covered by hail-protection netting. Water was supplied by drip irrigation, keeping the soil near field capacity; two irrigations per day were applied, for 10 min each at 8:00 AM and 4:00 PM, supplying 3.0 L of water per day. Six plants were used per treatment. Plants were potted during spring 2000, and at the end of the second growing season (winter 2001) each vine was cane-pruned, leaving one cane (eight buds) and one spur (two buds) per vine. The cane was trained horizontally with shoots positioned onto horizontal wires. Data were recorded during the third year of growth (year 2002), when chlorosis symptoms are more prevalent.


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  		Table 1 Main characteristics of soils used to test sensitivity to lime.
 
The shoot length of two representative shoots per vine was measured every 10 days, until growth stopped. At fruit set (June 4) and veraison (July 25) the third and fourth leaves from the tip of the two shoots per vine measured for growth were sampled and analyzed. The degree of lime-induced chlorosis was recorded by an instrument and by visual screening. A SPAD 502 Chlorophyll Meter (Minolta Corp., Ramsey, NJ) was used at five random positions in the interveinal tissue of the data leaf blade and the values were then averaged to get one value per leaf. The measurement is based on the optical density difference at two wavelengths (650 nm red and 940 nm infrared). SPAD readings (= SPAD units) are directly correlated with the intensity of green color and therefore with chlorophyll. A positive correlation between leaf-SPAD readings and colorimetric measurements of leaf chlorophyll has been calculated by Bavaresco (1995). Chlorosis visual symptoms were rated according to the scale of Pouget and Ottenwaelter (1978), ranging from 0 (no symptoms, deep green leaves) to 5 (severe symptoms, yellow leaves, with more than 10% of the blade necrotic). The leaf blades used for the previous tests were oven-dried at 70°C for three days and, after wet digestion (H2SO4/H2O2) of the dry matter, macronutrients and trace elements were analyzed by colorimetry (total nitrogen [N], phosphorus [P], and boron [B]), flame photometry (potassium [K] and calcium [Ca]), and atomic absorption spectrometry (magnesium [Mg], Fe, zinc [Zn], manganese [Mn], and copper [Cu]), according to Cottenie (1980).

At harvest (86 days after fruit set), all clusters of each plant were counted and weighed, and the basal clusters of the two shoots measured for growth were sampled (two clusters per vine). Productive and qualitative parameters of grapes were recorded: grape yield (kg/plant), mean cluster weight (g), mean berry weight (g), juice total soluble solids (Brix), juice titratable acidity (g/L), juice pH, juice tartaric acid (g/L) by Rebelein method (Lipka and Tanner 1974), malic acid (g/L) by the method of Ridomi and Pezza (1982), and juice color intensity by absorbance at 520 nm. After leaf drop, cane prunings per plant were weighed (g/plant). A one-way ANOVA was used for all the tested parameters, and the means were compared by Tukey test at a 5% level.


   Results and Discussion
Top
 Abstract
 Materials and Methods
 Results and Discussion
Conclusion
 Literature Cited
 
The paper represents the first test of VR hybrid lime tolerance. Even though O43-43 will probably never be an important rootstock as compared to O39-16, the results are significant because of the sibling relationship of O43-43 to O39-16.

The calcareous soil reduced shoot growth to a modest extent (–14%) as compared to the noncalcareous soil (Figure 1Go). Reduced shoot development is common in grapevine chlorosis. The extent of this effect has been variable among reports (Bavaresco et al. 1992, 1995). The relatively poor final shoot length of the vines growing on the noncalcareous soil is likely related to the lower vigor of O43-43 compared with O39-16 (Walker et al. 1994a).



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  		Figure 1 Shoot growth as affected by soil treatment.

 
The calcareous soil strongly affected the occurrence of chlorosis in the young leaves recorded by both SPAD readings and visual ratings (Table 2Go). It induced severe chlorosis symptoms, especially in the early part of the growing season. Older leaves (basal part of the shoot) did not show any chlorotic symptom (data recorded, but not presented). This behavior confirms the typical occurrence of chlorosis in grapevine, where early phenological stages and young leaves are more sensitive. According to previous data (Bavaresco et al. 1992, 2003), Chardonnay grafted on 140 Ru (lime-tolerant rootstock) and Pinot blanc grafted on 41B (lime-tolerant rootstock) did not show any symptoms of chlorosis when growing on the same calcareous soil as used in this trial. Nitrogen, P, and K leaf contents were significantly affected by the soil, being higher in the plants growing on the calcareous soil, at both sampling times. On the other hand, Ca, Fe, and Mn were not affected by the soil, while Mg, Cu, Zn, and B were influenced only at the first sampling time (Table 2Go). The high levels of P and K in chlorotic leaves have often been observed in woody crops (Arnold and Thompson 1982, Abadia et al. 1985, Hamze et al. 1986, Bavaresco et al. 1992). In addition, leaf Fe did not correlate to chlorosis symptoms, a behavior referred as "iron chlorosis paradox" (Morales et al. 1998, Bavaresco et al. 1999, Römheld 2000), with the elevated Fe levels in chlorotic leaves resulting from concentration. This means that high Fe values are the consequence and not the cause for chlorosis and are due to smaller leaves with low specific leaf weight per area.


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  		Table 2 Effect of noncalcareous and calcareous soil on chlorosis occurrence and leaf mineral composition.
 
The lime stress conditions strongly affected grape production by decreasing the yield per plant as a consequence of reduced bud fruitfulness and cluster and berry weights (Table 3Go). The low number of clusters per bud in the plants growing on the calcareous soil is related to the stress conditions of the previous year, when chlorosis symptoms occurred (data not shown), impairing bud fruitfulness. The small size of clusters and berries are the consequence of the Fe deficiency of the current year. We can therefore expect the production in the next year to be even lower. Sugar concentration and must color increased under lime stress conditions, while acidity decreased (Table 3Go). Theoretically that can be positive, but it is of little benefit to consider quality with a grape yield of 0.22 kg/plant and cluster size of 20 g. These effects of lime stress conditions on production and quality of Cabernet Sauvignon are very similar to those reported in a previous trial with table grape Aurora grafted on SO4 hybrid root-stock (Bavaresco and Poni 2003).


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  		Table 3 Effect of noncalcareous and calcareous soil on grape production and quality.
 

   Conclusion
Top
 Abstract
 Materials and Methods
 Results and Discussion
 Conclusion
Literature Cited
 
There are three significant findings of the experiment: VR O43-43 is a lime-susceptible rootstock, inducing a severe chlorosis on the young leaves of Cabernet Sauvignon when grown on a calcareous soil (19.3% active lime); the lime susceptibility of the rootstock is related to a very low grape yield; and, under noncalcareous soil conditions, O43-43 performed satisfactorily.


   Footnotes
 
Acknowledgment: The authors thank Giuseppe Bruzzi for his contribution to the project.

Manuscript submitted July 2004; revised November 2004


   Literature Cited
Top
 Abstract
 Materials and Methods
 Results and Discussion
 Conclusion
 Literature Cited
 
Abadia, J., J.N. Nishio, E. Monge, L. Montanes, and L. Heras. 1985. Mineral composition of peach leaves affected by iron chlorosis. J. Plant Nutr. 8:697–707.

Arnold, J.T., and L.F. Thompson. 1982. Chlorosis in blueberries: A soil-plant investigation. J. Plant Nutr. 5:747–753.

Bavaresco, L. 1995. Utilization of a non-destructive chlorophyll meter to assess chlorophyll concentration in grapevine leaves. Bull. OIV 68:404–414.

Bavaresco, L., and S. Poni. 2003. Effect of calcareous soil on photosynthesis rate, mineral nutrition, and source-sink ratio of table grapes. J. Plant. Nutr. 26:2123–2135.

Bavaresco, L., P. Bonini, and E. Giachino. 2000. Resistance and susceptibility of some grapevine varieties to lime-induced chlorosis. Acta Hortic. 528:535–541.

Bavaresco, L., M. Fregoni, and P. Fraschini. 1992. Investigations on some physiological parameters involved in chlorosis occurrence in grafted grapevines. J. Plant Nutr. 15:1791–1807.

Bavaresco, L., M. Fregoni, and P. Fraschini. 1991. Investigation on iron uptake and reduction by excised roots of grapevine rootstocks and a V. vinifera cultivar. Plant Soil 130:109–113.

Bavaresco, L., M. Fregoni, and A. Perino. 1995. Physiological aspects of lime-induced chlorosis in some Vitis species. II. Genotype response to stress conditions. Vitis 34:233–234.

Bavaresco, L., E. Giachino, and R. Colla. 1999. Iron chlorosis paradox in grapevine. J. Plant Nutr. 22:1689–1597.

Bavaresco, L., E. Giachino, and S. Pezzutto. 2003. Grapevine root-stock effects on lime-induced chlorosis, nutrient uptake and source-sink relationships. J. Plant. Nutr. 26:1451–1465.

Brancadoro, L., G. Rabotti, A. Scienza, and G. Zocchi. 1995. Mechanisms of Fe-efficiency in roots of Vitis spp. in response to iron deficiency stress. Plant Soil 171:229–234.

Cottenie, A. 1980. Soil and Plant Testing as a Basis of Fertilizer Recommendations. FAO Soils Bulletin 38/2. FAO, Rome.

Granett, J., A.C. Goheen, L.A. Lider, and J.J. White. 1987. Evaluation of grape rootstocks for resistance to type A and B grape phylloxera. Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 38:298–300.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Hamze, M., J. Ryan, and M. Zaabout. 1986. Screening of citrus rootstocks for lime-induced chlorosis tolerance. J. Plant Nutr. 9:459–469.

Lider, L.A., and A.C. Goheen. 1986. Field resistance to the grapevine fanleaf virus-Xiphinema index complex in interspecific hybrids of Vitis. In Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Grapevine Breeding. 13–18 April 1985, Verona, Italy. Vignevini 13 (suppl. 12):166–169.

Lipka, Z., and V. Tanner. 1974. Une nouvelle methode de dosage rapide de l’acide tartrique dans les moût, les vins et autres boissons (selon Rebelein). Rev. Suisse Vitic. Arboric. Hortic. 6:5–10.

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Pouget, R. 1980. Breeding grapevine rootstocks for resistance to iron chlorosis. In Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Grape Breeding, pp. 191–197. 15–18 June 1980, Davis, CA. Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis.

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