PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU  - G. S. Stoewsand
AU  - W. B. Robinson
TI  - Malnutrition: Cause of "Toxic" Response of Chicks Fed Varietal Grape Juices
AID  - 10.5344/ajev.1972.23.2.54
DP  - 1972 Jan 01
TA  - American Journal of Enology and Viticulture
PG  - 54--57
VI  - 23
IP  - 2
4099  - http://www.ajevonline.org/content/23/2/54.short
4100  - http://www.ajevonline.org/content/23/2/54.full
SO  - Am J Enol Vitic.1972 Jan 01; 23
AB  - Day-old male and female White Leghorn chicks consuming 'Thompson Seedless' juice, 'Concord' juice, or water were fed a chicken feed imported from Germany, "Kükengrütze", for 42 days. This feed or an American feed that simulated the German "Kükengrütze" produced chicks that were crippled with malformed feet, were weak, and had a high incidence of mortality. Chicks drinking water showed the earliest symptoms (at 2 weeks old), but the symptoms were also evident some days later in both varietal grape-juice treatments. Growth essentially stopped at 2 weeks Of age, at about 35-40 grams. When the German and American "Kükengrütze" were supplemented with all known vitamins and minerals, there was no crippling and the chicks grew throughout the experimental period. Chicks drinking grape juice were smaller than the chicks consuming water because feed intake was lowered by the additional calories consumed in the grape juices.