TY - JOUR T1 - A Review of the Effect of Winemaking Techniques on Phenolic Extraction in Red Wines JF - American Journal of Enology and Viticulture JO - Am J Enol Vitic. SP - 197 LP - 206 DO - 10.5344/ajev.2005.56.3.197 VL - 56 IS - 3 AU - Karna L. Sacchi AU - Linda F. Bisson AU - Douglas O. Adams Y1 - 2005/09/01 UR - http://www.ajevonline.org/content/56/3/197.abstract N2 - Winemaking variables and techniques are known to affect the phenolic composition of red wines. This review surveys the current literature on the impact of processing and fermentation parameters on the phenolic profile of the finished wines. Six winemaking variables and techniques have been reported to increase phenolic concentration: fermentation temperature, thermovinification, must freezing, saignée, pectolytic enzyme treatments, and extended maceration. In contrast, sulfur dioxide levels and cold-soak treatments have frequently been shown to have no or little lasting effect or to lead to a decrease in phenolic levels. Finally, carbonic maceration, yeast selection, and skin and juice mixing practices have produced variable results depending on the grape varieties studied. ER -