TY - JOUR T1 - Water Movement through the Surfaces of the Grape Berry and Its Stem JF - American Journal of Enology and Viticulture JO - Am. J. Enol. Vitic. SP - 340 LP - 350 DO - 10.5344/ajev.2011.10056 VL - 62 IS - 3 AU - Tobias Becker AU - Moritz Knoche Y1 - 2011/09/01 UR - http://www.ajevonline.org/content/62/3/340.abstract N2 - Water uptake and transpiration of detached grape berries (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Chardonnay, Müller-Thurgau, Riesling) were determined gravimetrically. Water movement was linearly related to time. Abrading the cuticle from the berry surface increased rates of uptake and transpiration 73- and 7-fold, respectively. Restricting water movement to the berry surface by sealing the stem, including the stem/fruit juncture, decreased rates of uptake (−76%) and transpiration (−16%). Rates of uptake were weakly related and those of transpiration were closely related to the surface area of the berry. Transpiration rates were higher in the stylar (+44%) than the cheek region. The water potential of developing Riesling berries (Ψfruit) was approximately constant between 20 and 76 days after full bloom (DAFB) ranging from −0.52 (±0.18) to −0.58 (±0.15) MPa and decreased thereafter to −1.56 (±0.04) MPa at 131 DAFB when the solute potential was −3.66 (±0.01) MPa. The permeability of the cuticle of Riesling berries to water uptake decreased from 43.3 (±7.0) nm/s to 4.1 (±1.2) nm/s between 28 and 131 DAFB, respectively, and that for transpiration decreased from 7.3 (±0.3) nm/s to 1.6 (±0.0) nm/s. Water uptake was not affected by NaCl, KCl, CaCl2, FeCl3, or AlCl3 (all at 1 to 100 mM). Only MgCl2 slightly increased water uptake. Increasing temperature from 2 to 35°C increased rates of water uptake in Riesling and Müller-Thurgau berries 2.2-fold (equiv. energy of activation 19.6 [±3.3] kJ/mol). Flow rates, fluxes, and permeabilities of stem and berry surfaces in water uptake and transpiration are discussed and a water balance for vascular and surface transport of water in a Riesling berry under hypothetical weather conditions is estimated. ER -