@article {Fontesajev.2011.10125, author = {Natacha Fontes and Hern{\^a}ni Ger{\'o}s and Serge Delrot}, title = {Grape Berry Vacuole: A Complex and Heterogeneous Membrane System Specialized in the Accumulation of Solutes}, elocation-id = {ajev.2011.10125}, year = {2011}, doi = {10.5344/ajev.2011.10125}, publisher = {American Journal of Enology and Viticulture}, abstract = {Vacuoles fulfill highly specialized functions depending on cell type and tissue, and plant developmental stage. This complex and dynamic organelle is the main reservoir of grape berry cells, playing a major role during fruit development and ripening. Berry development is accompanied by modifications in size, composition, color, texture, flavor, and pathogen susceptibility, mostly due to changes in vacuolar content. Most aroma and flavor compounds are not evenly distributed in the berry, and the number and type of vacuoles may vary depending on the tissue (skin, flesh and seeds). Together with the lytic (LV) and protein storage vacuoles (PSV) widely spread in plant cells, {\textquotedblleft}phenolic vacuoles{\textquotedblright} are also implicated in cellular storage in grape cells. After veraison, when grape berry growth exclusively results from cell enlargement, tonoplast transporter proteins mediate a massive sugar import and water intake into the vacuole, which leads to a large vacuolar expansion. The pumps V-ATPase and V-PPase create a proton electrochemical gradient across the tonoplast, which, in turn, energizes the uptake of charged and uncharged solutes. Several tonoplast proteins mediating the uptake of sugars, organic acids, water, ions and anthocyanins have been cloned and some of them have been functionally characterized. The present review focuses on the storage function of vacuoles, as well as on their structure and diversity in relation to development and ripening of the grape berry.}, issn = {0002-9254}, URL = {https://www.ajevonline.org/content/early/2011/05/02/ajev.2011.10125}, eprint = {https://www.ajevonline.org/content/early/2011/05/02/ajev.2011.10125.full.pdf}, journal = {American Journal of Enology and Viticulture} }