Phytoalexin elicitation in grape berries and their susceptibility toRhizopus stolonifer

doi:10.1006/pmpp.1997.0089

Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology

Volume 50, Issue 5, May 1997, Pages 337-347

https://doi.org/10.1006/pmpp.1997.0089 Get rights and content

Abstract

The phytoalexins resveratrol and pterostilbene were produced in berries ofVitis viniferafollowing inoculation withRhizopus stolonifer.The amounts produced in cv. Perlette were similar to those elicited by exposure to u.v.-C irradiation (254 nm) for 10 min. The time course for the accumulation of both stilbenes differed for each method of elicitation. Maximum resveratrol accumulation in grape berries was 4.0–8.5 times higher than that of pterostilbene depending on cultivar. Both stilbenes reached highest concentrations 24 h after inoculation and thereafter these declined gradually. Following u.v.-C irradiation, resveratrol reached its highest concentration 18 h after exposure and this declined rapidly thereafter; whilst pterostilbene reached its peak after approximately 40 h. This pattern was observed in all cultivars at all stages of development. The phytoalexins were fungitoxicin vitro,inhibiting spore germination and hyphal growth ofR. stoloniferandBotrytis cinerea.The dosage required to inhibit each pathogen was higher than that which accumulated in treated berries. A negative correlation was found between the potential for resveratrol accumulation in different cultivars and their susceptibility to decay caused byR. stolonifer.Phytoalexin accumulation declined with advancing maturity of the berries, coinciding with their increased susceptibility.

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Apart from Plasmopora and Botrylis infection, Rhizopus stolonifer infection has also shown to augment synthesis of resveratrol. An exposure to the infection increases its content, which peaks after 24 h [21]. In another study to enhance the resistance of plants against fungal disease, Vitis vinifera was exposed to a combination of a soil bacterium B-781 (arrests fungal growth) and Botrytis cinerea.
Resveratrol, a phytoalexin with a wide range of pharmacological properties is synthesised by plants in response to stress, injury, infection or UV radiations. As it is a secondary metabolite with many health promoting properties, various methods employing microorganisms and genetic manipulation of different synthetic enzymes, have been comprehensively studied to increase its production. Its rapid metabolism and low bioavailability have been addressed by the use of bio enhancers and nano-formulations. This flavonoid is extensively researched due to its pharmacological properties such as anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory and immuno-modulating effects. Knowledge of these properties of resveratrol has led to elaborate studies on its effect on diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, ageing, obesity and cardiovascular diseases. At molecular level it targets sirtuin, adenosine monophosphate kinase, nuclear Factor-κB, inflammatory cytokines, anti-oxidant enzymes along with cellular processes such as angiogenesis, apoptosis, mitochondrial biogenesis, gluconeogenesis and lipid metabolism. This review discusses the properties of resveratrol and the different approaches of addressing the unfavourable synthesis and pharmacokinetics of this stilbene. Pre-clinical evaluations of resveratrol on diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular and neurological diseases are elaborately discussed and the underlying pathways involved in its therapeutic activity have been given paramount importance. Following the pre-clinical studies, clinical trials on the same reveal the efficacy of resveratrol in the effective management of these diseases. This review provides an intricate insight on resveratrol’s significance from a dietary component to a therapeutic agent.
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A large number of previously published works have shown that UV-C irradiation elicit defense responses in harvested horticultural crops (Charles et al., 2008a, 2008b, 2008c). The induction of disease resistance in post-harvest crops in response to UV-C appears to involve the elicitation and accumulation of phytoalexins (Ben-Yehoshua et al., 1992; Mercier et al., 1993b; Sarig et al., 1997; Charles et al., 2008a), the ultra-structural modification of the epicarp leading to the formation of physical barriers (Charles et al., 2008b), the reinforcement of the cell walls by phenolic compounds, lignin and suberin (Charles et al., 2008c), and the enhancement of constitutive and inducible β-1,3-glucanases and chitinases (Charles et al., 2009). We have recently shown that lettuce plants treated with a low dose of UV-C after harvest show increased resistance against B. cinerea and Sclerotinia minor (Ouhibi et al., 2015a, 2015b).
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^☆: Daniel, MPurkayastha, RP

^f1: To whom correspondence should be addressed.

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Regular articlePhytoalexin elicitation in grape berries and their susceptibility toRhizopus stolonifer☆

Abstract

Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology

Physiological Plant Pathology

Phytochemistry

Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology

Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology

Phytoalexin production potential of grape berries

Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science

Stilbene phytoalexins and disease resistance inVitis

Handbook of Phytoalexin Metabolism and Action

Phytoalexin synthesis: the biochemical analysis of the induction process

Annual Review of Phytopathology

Coordinate induction by UV light of stilbene synthase, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and cinnamate 4-hydroxylase in leaves of Vitaceae

Planta

Disease resistance results from foreign phytoalexin expression in a novel plant

Nature

Role of phytostilbenes in decay and disease resistance

Annual Review of Phytopathology

Influence of resveratrol on germination of conidia and mycelial growth ofBotrytis cinereaPhomopsis viticola.

Journal of Phytopathology

The production of resveratrol (3,5,4′-trihydroxystilbene) by grape berries in different developmental stages

American Journal of Enology and Viticulture

Regular article
Phytoalexin elicitation in grape berries and their susceptibility toRhizopus stolonifer☆