Abstract
Transport across the plasma membrane is the first step at which nutrient supply is tightly regulated in response to intracellular needs and often also rapidly changing external environment. In this review, I describe primarily our current understanding of multiple interconnected glucose-sensing systems and signal-transduction pathways that ensure fast and optimum expression of genes encoding hexose transporters in three yeast species, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Kluyveromyces lactis and Candida albicans. In addition, an overview of GAL- and MAL-specific regulatory networks, controlling galactose and maltose utilization, is provided. Finally, pathways generating signals inducing posttranslational degradation of sugar transporters will be highlighted.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abramczyk D, Holden S, Page CJ, Reece RJ (2012) The interplay of a ligand sensor and an enzyme in controlling expression of the yeast GAL genes. Eukaryot Cell 11:334–342
Ahuatzi D, Herrero P, de la Cera T, Moreno F (2004) The glucose-regulated nuclear localization of hexokinase 2 in S. cerevisiae is Mig1-dependent. J Biol Chem 279:14440–14446
Ahuatzi D, Riera A, Peláez R, Herrero P, Moreno F (2007) Hxk2 regulates the phosphorylation state of Mig1 and therefore its nucleocytoplasmic distribution. J Biol Chem 282:4485–4493
Alibhoy AA, Giardino BJ, Dunton DD, Chiang HL (2012) Vid30 is required for the association of Vid vesicles and actin patches in the vacuole import and degradation pathway. Autophagy 8:29–46
Alves SL Jr, Herberts RA, Hollatz C, Trichez D, Miletti LC, de Araujo PS, Stambuk BU (2008) Molecular analysis of maltotriose active transport and fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae reveals a determinant role for the AGT1 permease. Appl Environ Microbiol 74:1494–1501
Alvarez FJ, Konopka JB (2007) Identification of an N-acetylglucosamine transporter that mediates hyphal induction in Candida albicans. Mol Biol Cell 18:965–975
Arino J (2010) Integrative response to high pH stress in S. cerevisiae. OMICS 14:517–523
Bali M, Zhang B, Morano KA, Michels CA (2003) The Hsp90 molecular chaperone complex regulates maltose induction and stability of the Saccharomyces MAL gene transcription activator Mal63p. J Biol Chem 278:47441–47448
Bao WG, Guiard B, Fang ZA, Donnini C, Gervais M, Passos FML, Ferrero I, Fukuhara H, Bolotin-Fukuhara M (2008) Oxygen-dependent transcriptional regulator Hap1 limits glucose uptake by repressing the expression of the major glucose transporter gene RAG1 in Kluyveromyces lactis. Eukaryot Cell 7:1895–1905
Barnett JA (2008) A history of research on yeasts 13. Active transport and the uptake of various metabolites. Yeast 25:689–731
Baruffini E, Goffrini P, Donnini C, Lodi T (2006) Galactose transport in Kluyveromyces lactis: major role of the glucose permease Hgt1. FEMS Yeast Res 6:1235–1242
Becuwe M, Vieira N, Lara D, Gomes-Rezende J, Soares-Cunha C, Casal M, Haguenauer- Tsapis R, Vincent O, Paiva S, Léon S (2012a) A molecular switch on an arrestin-like protein relays glucose signaling to transporter endocytosis. J Cell Biol 196:247–259
Becuwe M, Herrador A, Haguenauer-Tsapis R, Vincent O, Léon S (2012b) Ubiquitin-mediated regulation of endocytosis by proteins of the arrestin family. Biochem Res Int. doi:10.1155/2012/242764
Belinchon MM, Gancedo JM (2007a) Different signalling pathways mediate glucose induction of SUC2, HXT1 and pyruvate decarboxylase in yeast. FEMS Yeast Res 7:40–47
Belinchon MM, Gancedo MM (2007b) Glucose controls multiple processes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae through diverse combinations of signalling pathways. FEMS Yeast Res 7:808–818
Bermejo C, Haerizadeh F, Takanaga H, Chermak D, Frommer WB (2010) Dynamic analysis of cytosolic glucose and ATP levels in yeast with optical sensors. Biochem J 432:393–406
Bertram PG, Zeng C, Thorson J, Shaw AS, Zheng XP (1998) The 14-3-3 proteins positively regulate rapamycin-sensitive signalling. Curr Biol 8:1259–1267
Betina S, Goffrini P, Ferrero I, Wésolowski-Louvel M (2001) RAG4 gene encodes a glucose sensor in Kluyveromyces lactis. Genetics 158:541–548
Bhat PJ, Hopper JE (1990) Analysis of the GAL3 signal transduction pathway activating GAL4 protein-dependent transcription in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 125:281
Bhat PJ, Hopper JE (1992) Overproduction of the GAL1 or GAL3 protein causes galactose-independent activation of the GAL4 protein: evidence for a new model of induction for the yeast GAL/MEL regulon. Mol Cell Biol 12:2701–2707
Bhat PJ, Murthy TVS (2001) Transcriptional control of the GAL/MEL regulon of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae: mechanism of galactose-mediated signal transduction. Mol Microbiol 40:1059–1066
Billard P, Menart S, Blaisonneau J, Bolotin-Fukuhara M, Fukuhara H, Wésolowski-Louvel M (1996) Glucose uptake in Kluyveromyces lactis: role of the HGT1 gene in glucose transport. J Bacteriol 178:5860–5866
Bisson LF, Coons DM, Kruckeberg AL, Lewis DA (1993) Yeast sugar transporters. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 28:259–308
Blaisonneau J, Fukuhara H, Wésolowski-Louvel M (1997) The Kluyveromyces lactis equivalent of casein kinase I is required for the transcription of the gene encoding the low-affinity glucose permease. Mol Gen Genet 253:469–477
Boles E, André B (2004) Role of transporter-like sensors in glucose and amino acid signaling in yeast. Top Curr Genet 9:121–153
Boles E, Hollenberg CP (1997) The molecular genetics of hexose transport in yeasts. FEMS Microbiol Rev 21:85–111
Braun B, Pfirrmann T, Menssen R, Hofmann K, Scheel H, Wolf DH (2011) Gid9, a second RING finger protein contributes to the ubiquitin ligase activity of the Gid complex required for catabolite degradation. FEBS Lett 585:3856–3861
Brega E, Zufferey R, Ben Mamoun C (2004) Candida albicans Csy1p is a nutrient sensor important for activation of amino acid uptake and hyphal morphogenesis. Eukaryot Cell 3:135–143
Breunig KD (1989) Glucose repression of LAC gene expression in yeast is mediated by the transcriptional activator LAC9. Mol Gen Genet 216:422
Breunig KD, Bolotin-Fukuhara M, Bianchi MM, Bourgarel D, Falcone C, Ferrero I, Frontani L, Goffrini P, Krijger JJ, Mazzoni C, Milkowski C, Steensma HY, Wésolowski-Louvel M, Zeeman AM (2000) Regulation of primary carbon metabolism in Kluyveromyces lactis. Enzym Microb Technol 26:771–780
Broach JR (2012) Nutritional control of growth and development in yeast. Genetics 192:73–105
Brondijk THC, Konings WN, Poolman B (2001) Regulation of maltose transport in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Arch Microbiol 176:96–105
Brown V, Sexton JA, Johnston M (2006) A glucose sensor in Candida albicans. Eukaryot Cell 5:1726–1737
Brown V, Sabina J, Johnston M (2009) Specialized sugar sensing in diverse fungi. Curr Biol 19:436–441
Brown CA, Murray AW, Verstrepen KJ (2010) Rapid expansion and functional divergence of subtelomeric gene families in yeasts. Curr Biol 20:895–903
Busti S, Cocceti P, Alberghina L, Vanoni M (2010) Glucose signaling-mediated coordination of cell growth and cell cycle in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Sensors 10:6195–6240
Butler DK, All O, Goffena J, Loveless T, Wilson T, Toenjes KA (2006) The GRR1 gene of Candida albicans is involved in the negative control of pseudohyphal morphogenesis. Fungal Genet Biol 43:573–582
Buziol S, Becker J, Baumeister A, Jung S, Mauch K, Reuss M, Boles E (2002) Determination of in vivo kinetics of the starvation-induced Hxt5 glucose transporter of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEMS Yeast Res 2:283–291
Casamayor A, Serrano R, Platara M, Fasádo C, Ruiz A, Arino J (2012) The role of the Snf1 kinase in the adaptive response of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to alkaline pH stress. Biochem J 444:39–49
Castillon GA, Watanabe R, Taylor M, Schwabe TM, Riezman H (2009) Concentration of GPI-anchored proteins upon ER exit in yeast. Traffic 10:186–200
Chang YS, Dubin RA, Perkins E, Michels CA, Needleman RB (1989) Identification and characterization of the maltose permease in a genetically defined Saccharomyces strain. J Bacteriol 171:6148–6154
Charron MJ, Michels CA (1986) Structural and functional analysis of the MAL1 locus of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Cell Biol 6:3891–3899
Charron MJ, Michels CA (1988) The naturally occuring alleles of MAL1 in Saccharomyces species evolved by various mutagenic processes including chromosomal rearrangement. Genetics 120:83–93
Charron MJ, Read E, Haut SR, Michels CA (1989) Molecular evolution of the telomere-associated MAL loci of Saccharomyces. Genetics 122:307–316
Chen XJ, Wésolowski-Louvel M, Fukuhara H (1992) Glucose transport in the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis. II. Transcriptional regulation of the glucose transporter gene RAG1. Mol Gen Genet 233:97–105
Cheng Q, Michels CA (1989) The maltose permease encoded by the MAL61 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae exhibits both sequence and structural homology to other sugar transporters. Genetics 123:477–484
Cheng QI, Michels CA (1991) MAL11 and MAL61 encode the inducible high-affinity maltose transporter of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Bacteriol 173:1817–1820
Chiang MC, Chiang HL (1998) Vid24p, a novel protein localized to the fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase-containing vesicles, regulates targeting of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase from vesicles to the vacuole for degradation. J Cell Biol 140:1347–1356
Clapier CR, Cairns BR (2009) The biology of chromatin remodeling complexes. Annu Rev Biochem 78:273–304
Coons DM, Vagnoli P, Bisson LF (1997) The C-terminal domain of Snf3p is sufficient to complement the growth defect of snf3 null mutations in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: SNF3 functions in glucose recognition. Yeast 13:9–20
Cotton P, Soulard A, Wésolowski-Louvel M, Lemaire M (2012) The SWI/SNF KlSnf2 subunit controls the glucose signalling pathway to coordinate glycolysis and glucose transport in Kluyveromyces lactis. Eukaryot Cell 11(11):1382–1390
Czyz M, Nagiec MM, Dickson RC (1993) Autoregulation of GAL4 transcription is essential for rapid growth of Kluyveromyces lactis on lactose and galactose. Nucl Acids Res 21:4378–4382
Dancourt J, Barlowe C (2010) Protein sorting receptors in the early secretory pathway. Annu Rev Biochem 79:777–802
Day RE, Higgins VJ, Rogers PJ, Dawes IW (2002) Molecular analysis of maltotriose transport and utilization by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl Environ Microbiol 68:5326–5335
Dechant R, Peter M (2008) Nutrient signals driving cell growth. Curr Opin Cell Biol 20:678–687
DeRissi JL, Iyer VR, Brown PO (1997) Exploring the metabolic and genetic control of gene expression on a genomic scale. Science 278:680–686
Deshaies RJ (1999) SCF and cullin/ring H2-based ubiquitin ligases. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 15:435–467
DeVirgilio C, Loewith R (2006) Cell growth control: little eukaryotes make big contributions. Oncogene 25:6392–6415
DeVit MJ, Waddle JA, Johnston M (1997) Regulated nuclear translocation of the Mig1 glucose repressor. Mol Biol Cell 8:1603–1618
Dickson RC, Barr K (1983) Characterization of lactose transport in Kluyveromyces lactis. J Bacteriol 154:1245–1251
Diderich JA, Schepper M, van Hoek O, Luttik MA, van Dijken JP, Pronk JT, Klaasen P, Boelens HF, de Mattos MJ, van Dam K, Kruckeberg AL (1999) Glucose uptake kinetics and transcription of HXT genes in chemostat cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 274:15350–15359
Diderich JA, Schuurmans JM, Van Gaalen MC, Kruckeberg AL, Van Dam K (2001) Functional analysis of the hexose transporter homologue HXT5 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast 18:1515–1524
Didion T, Regenberg B, Jorgensen MU, Kielland-Brandt MC, Andersen HA (1998) The permease homologue Ssy1p controls the expression of amino acid and peptide transporter genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Microbiol 27:643–650
Dietvorst J, Londesborough J, Steensma HY (2005) Maltotriose utilization in lager yeast strains: MTT1 encodes a maltotriose transporter. Yeast 22:775–788
Dietvorst J, Karhumaa K, Kielland-Brandt MC, Brandt A (2010) Amino acid residues involved in ligand preference of the Snf3 transporter-like sensor in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast 27:131–138
Diezemann A, Boles E (2003) Functional characterization of the Frt1 sugar transporter and of fructose uptake in Kluyveromyces lactis. Curr Genet 43:281–288
Dlugai S, Hippler S, Wieczorke R, Boles E (2001) Glucose-dependent and independent signalling functions of the yeast glucose sensor Snf3. FEBS Lett 505:389–392
Dombek KM, Kacherovsky N, Young ET (2004) The Reg1-interacting proteins, Bmh1, Bmh2, Ssb1, and Ssb2, have roles in maintaining glucose repression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 279:39165–39174
Dong J, Dickson RC (1997) Glucose represses the lactose–galactose regulon in Kluyveromyces lactis through a SNF1 and MIG1-dependent pathway that modulates galactokinase (GAL1) gene expression. Nucl Acids Res 25:3657–3664
Dupré S, Urban-Grimal D, Haguenauer-Tsapis R (2004) Ubiquitin and endocytic internalization in yeast and animal cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 1695:89–111
Elbing K, Stahlberg A, Hohmann S, Gustafsson L (2004a) Transcriptional response to glucose at different glycolytic rates in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Eur J Biochem 271:4855–4864
Elbing K, Larsson C, Bill RM, Albert E, Snoep JL, Boles E, Hohmann S, Gustafsson L (2004b) Role of hexose transport in control of glycolytic flux in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl Environ Microbiol 70:5323–5330
Fan J, Chaturvedi V, Shen SH (2002) Identification and phylogenetic analysis of a glucose transporter gene family from the human pathogenic yeast Candida albicans. J Mol Evol 55:336–346
Flick KM, Spielevoy N, Kalashnikova TI, Guaderrama M, Zhu Q, Chang HC, Wittenberg C (2003) Grr1-dependent inactivation of Mth1 mediates glucose-induced dissociation of Rgt1 from HXT gene promoters. Mol Biol Cell 14:3230–3241
Forsberg H, Ljungdahl PO (2001) Sensors of extracellular nutrients in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Curr Genet 40:91–109
Gadura N, Michels CA (2006) Sequences in the N-terminal cytoplasmic domain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae maltose permease are required for vacuolar degradation but not glucose-induced internalization. Curr Genet 50:101–114
Gadura N, Robinson LC, Michels CA (2006) Glc7–Reg1 phosphatase signals to Yck1,2 casein kinase 1 to regulate transport activity and glucose-induced inactivation of Saccharomyces maltose permease. Genetics 172:1427–1439
Gancedo JM (1998) Yeast carbon catabolite repression. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 62:334–361
Gancedo JM (2008) The early steps of glucose signalling in yeast. FEMS Microbiol Rev 32:673–704
Gaur M, Puri N, Manoharlal R, Rai V, Mukopadhayay G, Choudhury D, Prasad R (2008) MFS transportome of the human pathogenic yeast Candida albicans. BMC Genomics 9:579
Giniger E, Varnum SM, Ptashne M (1985) Specific DNA binding of GAL4, a positive regulatory protein in yeast. Cell 40:767–774
Godecke A, Zachariae W, Arvanitidis A, Breunig KD (1991) Coregulation of the Kluyveromyces lactis lactose permease and β-galactosidase genes is achieved by interaction of multiple LAC9 binding sites in a 2.6 kbp divergent promoter. Nucl Acids Res 19:5351–5358
Goffrini P, Wésolowski-Louvel M, Ferrero I, Fukuhara H (1990) RAG1 gene of the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis codes for a sugar transporter. Nucl Acids Res 18:5294–5294
Greatrix BW, van Vuuren HJJ (2006) Expression of the HXT13, HXT15 and HXT17 genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and stabilization of the HXT1 gene transcript by sugar-induced osmotic stress. Curr Genet 49:205–217
Griggs DW, Johnston M (1991) Regulated expression of the GAL4 activator gene in yeast provides a sensitive genetic switch for glucose repression. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88:8597–8601
Han EK, Cotty F, Sottas C, Jiang H, Michels CA (1995) Charactrization of AGT1 encoding a general-glucoside transporter from Saccharomyces. Mol Microbiol 17:1093–1107
Hardwick JS, Kuruvilla FG, Tong JK, Shamji AF, Schreiber SI (1999) Rapamycin-modulated transcription defines the subset of nutrient-sensitive signaling pathways directly controlled by the Tor proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:14866–14870
Hedbacker K, Carlson M (2008) SNF1/AMPK pathways in yeast. Front Biosci 13:2408–2420
Herzig Y, Sharpe HJ, Elbaz Y, Munro S, Schuldiner M (2012) A systematic approach to pair secretory cargo receptors with their cargo suggests a mechanism for cargo selection by Erv14. PLoS Biol 10(5):e1001329
Hicke L, Dunn R (2003) Regulation of membrane protein transport by ubiquitin and ubiquitin-binding proteins. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 19:141–172
Hirayama T, Maeda T, Saito H, Shinozaki K (1995) Cloning and characterization of seven cDNAs for hyperosmolarity-responsive (HOR) genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Gen Genet 249:127–138
Hittinger CD, Rokas A, Carroll SB (2004) Parallel inactivation of multiple GAL pathway genes and ecological diversification in yeasts. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:14144–14149
Hnatova M, Wésolowski-Louvel M, Dieppois G, Deffaud J, Lemaire M (2008) Characterization of KlGRR1 and SMS1 genes, two new elements of the glucose signaling pathway of Kluyveromyces lactis. Eukaryot Cell 7:1299–1308
Hohmann S (2002) Osmotic stress signaling and osmoadaptation in yeasts. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 66:300–372
Holzer H (1976) Catabolite inactivation in yeast. Trends Biochem Sci 1:178–181
Hong SP, Carlson M (2007) Regulation of Snf1 protein kinase in response to environmental stress. J Biol Chem 282:16838–16845
Hong SP, Leper FC, Woods A, Carling D, Carlson M (2003) Activation of yeast Snf1 and mammalian AMP-activated protein kinase by upstream kinases. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:8839–8843
Horák J (2003) The role of ubiquitin in down-regulation and intracellular sorting of membrane proteins: insights from yeast. Biochim Biophys Acta 1614:139–155
Horak J, Wolf DH (1997) Catabolite inactivation of the galactose transporter in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae: ubiquitination, endocytosis, and degradation in the vacuole. J Bacteriol 179:1541–1549
Horak J, Wolf DH (2001) Glucose-induced monoubiquitination of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae galactose transporter is sufficient to signal its internalization. J Bacteriol 183:3083–3088
Horak J, Wolf DH (2005) The ubiquitin ligase SCFGrr1 is required for Gal2p degradation in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 335:1185–1190
Horak J, Regelmann J, Wolf DH (2002) Two distinct proteolytic systems responsible for glucose-induced degradation of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase and the Gal2p transporter in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae share the same protein components of the glucose signalling pathway. J Biol Chem 277:8248–8254
Hu Z, Nehlin JO, Ronne H, Michels CA (1995) MIG1-dependent and MIG1-independent glucose regulation of MAL gene expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Curr Genet 28:258–266
Hu Z, Gibson AW, Kim JH, Wojciechowitz LA, Zhang B, Michels CA (1999) Functional domain analysis of the Saccharomyces MAL-activator. Curr Genet 36:1–12
Hu Z, Yue Y, Jiang H, Zhang B, Sherwood PW, Michels CA (2000) Analysis of the mechanism by which glucose inhibits maltose induction of MAL gene expression in Saccharomyces. Genetics 154:121–132
Hudson DA, Sciascia QL, Sanders RJ, Norris GE, Edwards PJ, Sullivan PA, Farley PC (2004) Identification of the dialysable serum inducer of germ-tube formation in Candida albicans. Microbiology 150:3041–3049
Hung G, Brown C, Wolfe AB, Liu J, Chiang HL (2004) Degradation of the gluconeogenic enzymes fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase and malate dehydrogenase is mediated by distinct proteolytic pathways and signaling events. J Biol Chem 279:49138–49150
Jiang R, Carlson M (1996) Glucose regulates protein interactions within the yeast SNF1 protein kinase complex. Genes Dev 10:3105–3115
Jiang R, Carlson M (1997) The Snf1 protein kinase and its activating subunit, Snf4, interact with distinct domains of the Sip1/Sip2/Gal83 component in the kinase complex. Mol Cell Biol 17:2099–2106
Jiang H, Medintz I, Michels CA (1997) Two glucose sensing/signalling pathways stimulate glucose-induced inactivation of maltose permease in Saccharomyces. Mol Biol Cell 8:1293–1304
Jiang H, Medintz I, Zhang B, Michels CA (2000a) Metabolic signals trigger glucose-induced inactivation of maltose permease in Saccharomyces. J Bacteriol 182:647–652
Jiang H, Tatchell K, Liu S, Michels CA (2000b) Protein phosphatase type-1 regulatory subunits Reg1p and Reg2p act as signal transducers in the glucose-induced inactivation of maltose permease in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Gen Genet 263:411–422
Jiang FL, Frey BR, Evans ML, Friel JC, Hopper JE (2009) Gene activation by dissociation of an inhibitor from a transcriptional activation domain. Mol Cell Biol 29:5604–5610
Johnston M, Kim JH (2005) Glucose as a hormone: receptor-mediated glucose sensing in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochem Soc Trans 33:247–252
Johnston SA, Salmeron JM Jr, Dincher SS (1987) Interaction of positive and negative regulatory proteins in the galactose regulon in yeast. Cell 50:143–146
Johnston M, Flick JS, Pexton M (1994) Multiple mechanisms provide rapid and stringent glucose repression of GAL gene expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Cell Biol 14:3834–3841
Jouandot IID, Roy A, Kim JH (2011) Functional dissection of the glucose signaling pathways that regulate the yeast glucose transporter gene (HXT) repressor Rgt1. J Cell Biochem 112:3268–3275
Kaniak A, Xue Z, Macool D, Kim JH, Johnston M (2004) Regulatory network connecting two glucose signal transduction pathways in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Eukaryot Cell 3:221–231
Karhumaa K, Wu B, Kielland-Brandt M (2010) Conditions with high intracellular glucos inhibit sensing through glucose sensor Snf3 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Cell Biochem 110:920–925
Kim JH (2009) DNA-binding properties of the yeast Rgt1 repressor. Biochimie 91:300–303
Kim JH, Johnston M (1996) Two glucose sensing pathways converge on Rgt1 to regulate expression of glucose transporter genes in S. cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 281:26144–26149
Kim JH, Polish J, Johnston M (2003) Specificity and regulation of DNA binding by the yeast glucose transporter gene repressor Rgt1. Mol Cell Biol 23:5208–5216
Kim JH, Brachet V, Moriya H, Johnston M (1996) Integration of transcriptional and posttranslational regulation in a glucose signal transduction pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Eukaryot Cell 5:167–173
Kota J, Lungdahl PO (2004) Specialized membrane-localized chaperones prevent aggregation of polytopic proteins in the ER. J Cell Biol 168:79–88
Krampe S, Boles E (2002) Starvation-induced degradation of yeast hexose transporter Hxt7p is dependent on endocytosis, autophagy and the terminal sequences of the permease. FEBS Lett 513:193–196
Krampe S, Stamm O, Hollenberg CP, Boles E (1998) Catabolite inactivation of the high-affinity hexose transporters Hxt6 and Hxt7 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae occurs in the vacuole after internalization by endocytosis. FEBS Lett 441:343–347
Kruckeberg AL (1996) The hexose transporter family of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Arch Microbiol 166:283–292
Kruckeberg AL, Ye L, Berden JA, van Dam K (1999) Functional expression, quantification and cellular localization of the Hxk2 hexose transporter of Saccharomyces cerevisiae tagged with the green fluorescent protein. Biochem J 339:299–307
Kumar PR, Yu Y, Sternglanz R, Johnston SA, Joshua-Tor L (2008) NADP regulates the yeast GAL induction system. Science 319:1090–1092
Kuo SC, Christensen MS, Cirillo VP (1970) Galactose transport in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. II. Characteristics of galactose-uptake and exchange in galactokinaseless cell. J Bacteriol 103:671–678
Kuttykrishnan S, Sabina J, Langton LL, Johnston M, Brent MR (2010) A quantitative model of glucose signaling in yeast reveals an incoherent feed forvard loop leasing to a specific, transient pulse of transcription. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107:16743–16748
Kuzhandaivelu N, Jones KJ, Martin AK, Dickson RC (1992) The signal for glucose repression of the lactose–galactose regulon is amplified through subtle modulation of transcription of the Kluyveromyces lactis Kl-GAL4 activator gene. Mol Cell Biol 12:1924–1931
Lafuente MJ, Gancedo C, Jauniaux JC, Gancedo JM (2000) Mth1 receives the signal given by the glucose sensors Snf3 and Rgt2 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Microbiol 35:161–172
Lagunas R (1993) Sugar transport in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEMS Microbiol Rev 10:229–242
Lakshmanan J, Mosley AL, Ozcan S (2003) Repression of transcription by Rgt1 in the absence of glucose requires Std1 and Mth1. Curr Genet 44:19–25
Lamphier MS, Ptashne M (1992) Multiple mechanisms mediate glucose repression of the yeast GAL1 gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:5922–5926
Lavy T, Kumar R, He H, Joshua-Tor L (2012) The Gal3p transducer of the GAL regulon interacts with the Gal80p repressor in its ligand-induced closed conformation. Genes Dev 26:294–303
Leandro MJ, Fonseca C, Goncalves P (2009) Hexose and pentose transport in ascomycetous yeasts: an overview. FEMS Yeast Res 9:511–525
Lee MCS, Miller EA, Goldberg J, Orci L, Schekman R (2004) Bi-directional protein transport between the ER and Golgi. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 20:87–123
Lemaire M, Wésolowski-Louvel M (2004) Enolase and glycolytic flux play a role in the regulation of the glucose permease gene RAG1 of Kluyveromyces lactis. Genetics 168:723–731
Lemaire M, Guyon A, Betina S, Wésolowski-Louvel M (2002) Regulation of glycolysis by casein kinase I (Rag8p) in Kluyveromyces lactis involves a DNA-binding protein, Sck1p, a homologue of Sgc1p of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Curr Genet 40:355–364
Léon S, Haguenauer-Tsapis R (2009) Ubiquitin ligase adaptors: regulators of ubiquitylation and endocytosis of plasma membrane proteins. Exp Cell Res 315:1574–1583
Leonardo J, Bhairi S, Dickson RC (1987) Identification of an upstream activator sequence that regulates induction of the β-galactosidase gene in Kluyveromyces lactis. Mol Cell Biol 7:4369–4376
Levine J, Tanouye L, Michels CA (1992) The UASMAL is a bidirectional promoter element required for the expression of both MAL61 and MAL62 genes of the Saccharomyces MAL6 locus. Curr Genet 22:181–189
Liang H, Gaber RF (1996) A novel signal transduction pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae defined by Snf3-regulated expression of HXT6. Mol Biol Cell 7:1953–1966
Lin CH, MacGum JA, Chu T, Stefan CJ, Emr SD (2008) Arrestin-related ubiquitin–ligase adaptors regulate endocytosis and protein turnover at the cell surface. Cell 135:714–725
Loewith R, Jacinto E, Wullschleger S, Lorberg A, Crespo JL, Bonenfant D, Opplinger W, Jenoe P, Hall MN (2002) Two TOR complexes, only one of which is rapamycin sensitive, have distinct roles in cell growth control. Mol Cell 10:457–468
Lohr D, Venkov P, Zlatanova J (1995) Transcriptional regulation in the yeast GAL gene family: a complex genetic network. FASEB J 9:777–787
Lucero P, Lagunas R (1997) Catabolite inactivation of the yeast maltose transporter requires ubiquitin–ligase npi1/rsp5 and ubiquitin–hydrolase npi2/doa4. FEMS Microbiol Lett 147:273–277
Lucero P, Penalver E, Vela R, Lagunas R (2001) Monoubiquitiantion is sufficient to signal internalization of the maltose transporter in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Bacteriol 182:241–243
Ludin K, Jiang R, Carlson M (1998) Glucose-regulated interaction of a regulatory subunit of protein phosphatase I with the Snf1 protein kinase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:6245–6250
Luo L, Tong XZ, Farley PC (2007) The Candida albicans gene HGT12 (orf19.7094) encodes a hexose transporter. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 51:14–17
Lutfiyya LL, Johnston M (1996) Two zinc-finger-containing repressors are responsible for glucose repression of SUC2 expression. Mol Cell Biol 16:4790–4797
Lutfiyya LL, Iyer VR, DeRisi J, DeVitt MJ, Brown PO, Johnston M (1998) Characterization of three related glucose repressors and gene they regulate in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 150:1377–1391
Maier A, Volker B, Boles E, Fuhrmann GF (2002) Characterization of glucose transport in Saccharomyces cerevisiae with plasma membrane vesicles (countertransport) and intact cells (initial uptake) with single Hxt1, Hxt2, Hxt3, Hxt4, Hxt6, Hxt7 or Gal2 transporters. FEMS Yeast Res 2:539–550
Manolescu A, Salas-Burgos AM, Fischbarg J, Cheeseman CI (2005) Identification of a hydrophobic residue as a key determinant of fructose transport by the facilitative hexose transporter SLC2A7 (GLUT7). J Biol Chem 280:42978–42983
Marger MD, Saier MHJ (1993) A major superfamily of transmembrane facilitators that catalyze uniport, symport and antipody. Trends Biochem Sci 18:13–20
Marmorstein R, Carey M, Ptashne M, Harrison SC (1992) DNA recognition by GAL4: structure of a protein–DNA complex. Nature 356:408–414
Martchenko M, Levitin A, Hogues H, Nantel A, Whiteway M (2007) Transcriptional rewiring of fungal galactose-metabolism circuitry. Curr Biol 17:1007–1013
Martin DE, Hall MN (2005) The expanding TOR signaling network. Curr Opin Cell Biol 17:158–166
Mayordomo I, Regelmann J, Horak J, Sanz P (2003) Saccharomyces cerevisiae 14-3-3 proteins Bmh1 and Bmh2 participate in the process of catabolite inactivation of maltose permease. FEBS Lett 544:160–164
McCartney RR, Schmidt MC (2001) Regulation of Snf1 kinase. Activation requires phosphorylation of threonine 210 by an upstream kinase as well as distinct step mediated by the Snf4 subunit. J Biol Chem 276:36460–36466
Medintz I, Jiang H, Han EK, Cui W, Michels CA (1996) Characterization of the glucose-induced inactivation of maltose permease in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Bacteriol 178:2245–2254
Medintz I, Jiang H, Michels CA (1998) The role of ubiquitin-conjugation in glucose-induced proteolysis of Saccharomyces maltose permease. J Biol Chem 273:34454–34462
Medintz I, Wang X, Hradek T, Michels CA (2000) A PEST-like sequence in the N-terminal cytoplasmic domain of Saccharomyces maltose permease is required for glucose-induced proteolysis and rapid inactivation of transport activity. Biochemistry 39:4518–4526
Melcher K, Xu HE (2001) Gal80–Gal80 interaction on adjacent Gal4p binding sites is required for complete GAL gene repression. EMBO J 20:841–851
Meyer J, Walker-Jonah A, Hollenberg CP (1991) Galactokinase encoded by GAL1 is bifunctional protein required for the induction of the GAL genes in Kluyveromyces lactis and is able to suppress the gal3 phenotype in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Cell Biol 11:5454–5461
Milkowski C, Krampe S, Weirich J, Hasse V, Boles E, Breunig KD (2001) Feedback regulation of glucose transporter gene transcription in Kluyveromyces lactis by glucose uptake. J Bacteriol 183:5223–5229
Moreno F, Ahuatzi D, Riera A, Palomino CA, Herrero P (2005) Glucose sensing through the Hxk2-dependent signalling pathway. Biochem Soc Trans 33:265–268
Moriya H, Johnston M (2004) Glucose sensing and signaling in Saccharomyces cerevisiae through the Rgt2 glucose sensor and casein kinase I. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:1572–1577
Mosley AL, Lakshmanan J, Aryal BK, Ozcan S (2003) Glucose-mediated phosphorylation converts the transcription factor Rgt1 from a repressor to an activator. J Biol Chem 278:10322–10327
Murad AMA, Gaillardin C, d’Enfert C, Tournu H, Tekaia F, Talibi D, Marechal D, Marchais V, Cottin J, Brown AJP (2001) Transcript profiling in Candida albicans reveals new cellular functions for the transcriptional repressors CaTup1, CaMig1 and CaNrg1. Mol Microbiol 42:981–993
Nath N, McCartney RR, Schmidt MC (2002) Purification and characterization of Snf1 complexes containing a defined β subunit composition. J Biol Chem 277:50403–50408
Naumoff DG, Naumov GI (2010) Discovery of a novel family of alpha-glucosidase IMA genes in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Dokl Biochem Biophys 432:114–116
Neil H, Hnatova M, Wésolowski-Louvel M, Rycovska A, Lemaire M (2007) Sck1 activator coordinates glucose transport and glycolysis and is controlled by Rag8 casein kinase in Kluyveromyces lactis. Mol Microbiol 63:1537–1548
Nikko E, Pelham HRB (2009) Arrestin-mediated endocytosis of yeast plasma membrane transporters. Traffic 10:1856–1867
Nourani A, Wésolowski-Louvel M, Delaveau T, Jacq C, Delahodde A (1997) Multiple-drug-resistance phenomenon in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae: involvement of two hexose transporters. Mol Cell Biol 17:5453–5460
Novak S, Zechner-Krpan V, Maric V (2004) Regulation of maltose transport and metabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Food Technol Biotech 42:213–218
Ostling J, Roone H (1998) Negative control of the Mig1 repressor by Snf1-dependent phosphorylation in the absence of glucose. Eur J Biochem 252:162–168
Otterstedt K, Larsson C, Bill RM, Stahlberg A, Boles E, Hohmann S, Gustafsson L (2004) Switching the mode of metabolism in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. EMBO Rep 5:532–537
Ozcan S (2002) Two different signals regulate repression and induction of gene expression by glucose. J Biol Chem 277:46993–46997
Ozcan S, Johnston M (1995) Three different regulatory mechanisms enable yeast hexose transporter (HXT) genes to be induced by different levels of glucose. Mol Cell Biol 15:1564–1572
Ozcan S, Johnston M (1996) Two different repressors collaborate to restrict expression of the glucose transporter genes HXT2 and HXT4 to low levels of glucose. Mol Cell Biol 16:5536–5545
Ozcan S, Johnston M (1999) Function and regulation of yeast hexose transporters. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 63:554–569
Ozcan S, Dover J, Rosenwald AG, Wolfl S, Johnston M (1996a) Two glucose transporters in Saccharomyces cerevisiae are glucose sensors that generate a signal for induction of gene expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:12428–12432
Ozcan S, Leong T, Johnston M (1996b) Rgt1p of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a key regulator of glucose-induced genes, is both an activator and a repressor of transcription. Mol Cell Biol 16:6419–6426
Ozcan S, Dover J, Johnston M (1998) Glucose sensing and signalling by two glucose receptors in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. EMBO J 17:2566–2573
Paiva S, Kruckeberg AL, Casal M (2002) Utilization of green fluorescent protein as a marker for studying the expression and turnover of the monocarboxylate permease Jen1p of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochem J 363:737–744
Palma M, Seret ML, Baret PV (2007) Combined phylogenetic and neighbourhood analysis of the hexose transporters and glucose sensors in yeasts. FEMS Yeast Res 9:526–534
Palomino A, Herrero P, Moreno F (2005) Rgt1, a glucose sensing transcription factor, is required for transcriptional repression of the HXK2 gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochem J 388:697–703
Papamichos-Chronakis M, Gligoris T, Tzamarias D (2004) The Snf1 kinase controls glucose repression in yeast by modulating interactions between the Mig1 repressor and the Cyc8–Tup1 co-repressor. EMBO Rep 5:368–372
Pasula S, Jouandot II D, Kim JH (2007) Biochemical evidence for glucose-independent induction of HXT expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEBS Lett 581:3230–3234
Pasula S, Chakraborty S, Choi JH, Kim JH (2010) Role of casein kinase 1 in the glucose sensor-mediated signaling pathway in yeast. BMC Cell Biol 11:17
Peláez R, Herrero P, Moreno F (2010) Functional domains of yeast hexokinase 2. Biochem J 432:181–190
Peng G, Hopper JE (2000) Evidence for Gal3p’s cytoplasmic location and Gal80p’s dual cytoplasmic-nuclear location implicates new mechanisms for controlling Gal4p activity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Cell Biol 20:5140–5148
Peng G, Hopper JE (2002) Gene activation by interaction of an inhibitor with a cytoplasmic signaling protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:8548–8553
Petit T, Diderich JA, Kruckeberg AL, Gancedo C, Van Dam K (2000) Hexokinase regulates kinetics of glucose transport and expression of genes encoding hexose transporters in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Bacteriol 182:6815–6818
Petter R, Chang YC, Kwon-Chung KJ (1997) A gene homologous to Saccharomyces cerevisiae SNF1 appears to be essential for the viability of Candida albicans. Infect Immun 65:4909–4917
Platt A, Reece RJ (1998) The yeast galactose genetic switch is mediated by the formation of a Gal4p–Gal80p–Gal3p complex. EMBO J 17:4086–4091
Polish JA, Kim JH, Johnston M (2005) How the Rgt1 transcription factor of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is regulated by glucose. Genetics 169:583–594
Post-Beittenmiller MA, Hamilton RW, Hopper JE (1984) Regulation of basal and induced levels of the MEL1 transcript in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Cell Biol 4:1238–1245
Powers J, Barlowe C (2002) Erv14p directs a transmembrane secretory protein into COPII-coated transport vesicles. Mol Biol Cell 13:880–891
Prior C, Mamessier P, Fukuhara H, Chen XJ, Wésolowski-Louvel M (1993) The hexokinase gene is required for transcriptional regulation of the glucose transporter gene RAG1 in Kluyveromyces lactis. Mol Cell Biol 13:3882–3889
Ramos J, Szkutnicka K, Cirillo VP (1989) Characteristics of galactose transport in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells and reconstituted lipid vesicles. J Bacteriol 171:3539–3544
Ran F, Bali M, Michels CA (2008) Hsp90/Hsp70 chaperone machine regulation of the Saccharomyces MAL-activator as determined in vivo using noninducible and constitutive mutant alleles. Genetics 179:331–343
Rechsteiner M (1988) Regulation of enzyme levels by proteolysis: the role of pest regions. Adv Enzym Regul 27:135–151
Regelmann J, Schule T, Josupeit FS, Horak J, Rose M, Entian KD, Thumm M, Wolf DH (2003) Catabolite degradation of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae: a genome-wide screen identifies eight novel GID genes and indicates the existence of two degradation pathways. Mol Biol Cell 14:1652–1663
Reifenberger E, Freidel K, Ciriacy M (1995) Identification of novel HXT genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae reveals the impact of individual hexose transporters on glycolytic flux. Mol Microbiol 16:157–167
Reifenberger E, Boles E, Ciriacy M (1997) Kinetic characterization of individual hexose transporters of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and their relation to the triggering mechanisms of glucose repression. Eur J Biochem 245:324–333
Ren B, Robert F, Wyrick JJ, Aparicio O, Jennings EG, Simon I, Zeitlinger J, Schreiber J, Hannett N, Kanin E, Volkert TL, Wilson CJ, Bell SP, Young RA (2000) Genome-wide location and function of DNA binding proteins. Science 290:2306–2309
Riballo E, Herweijer M, Wolf DH, Lagunas R (1995) Catabolite inactivation of the yeast maltose transporter occurs in the vacuole after internalization by endocytosis. J Bacteriol 177:5622–5627
Riley MI, Sreekrishna K, Bhairi S, Dickson RC (1987) Isolation and characterization of mutants of Kluyveromyces lactis defective in lactose transport. Mol Gen Genet 208:145–151
Rintala E, Wiebe MG, Tamminen A, Ruohonen L, Penttila M (2008) Transcription of hexose transporters of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is affected by change in oxygen provision. BMC Microbiol 8:53
Rodriguez A, De La Cera T, Herrero P, Moreno F (2001) The hexokinase 2 protein regulates the expression of the GLK1, HXK1 and HXK2 genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochem J 355:625–631
Rogers B, Decottignies A, Kolaczkowski M, Carvajal E, Balzi E, Goffeau A (2001) The pleiotropic drug ABC transporters from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 3:207–214
Rohde JR, Bastidas R, Puria R, Cardenas ME (2008) Nutritional control via TOR signaling in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Curr Opin Microbiol 11:153–160
Rolland F, Winderickx J, Thevelein JM (2002) Glucose-sensing and -signalling mechanisms in yeast. FEMS Yeast Res 2:183–201
Rolland S, Hnatova M, Lemaire M, Leal-Sanchez J, Wesolowski-Louvel M (2006) Connection between the Rag4 glucose sensor and the KlRgt1 repressor in Kluyveromyces lactis. Genetics 174:617–626
Rubio-Texeira M (2005) A comparative analysis of the GAL switch between not-so-distant cousins: Saccharomyces cerevisiae versus Kluyveromyces lactis. FEMS Yeast Res 5:1115–1128
Rubio-Texeira M, Van Zeebroeck G, Voordeckers K, Thevelein JM (2009) Saccharomyces cerevisiae plasma membrane nutrient sensors and their role in PKA signaling. FEMS Yeast Res 10:134–149
Ruiz A, Serrano R, Arino J (2008) Direct regulation of genes involved in glucose utilization by the calcium/calcineurin pathway. J Biol Chem 283:13923–13933
Sabina J, Brown V (2009) Glucose sensing network in Candida albicans—a sweet spot for fungal morphogenesis. Eukaryot Cell 8:1314–1320
Sabina J, Johnston M (2009) Asymmetric signal transduction through paralogs that comprise a genetic switch for sugar sensing in S. cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 284:29635–29643
Salema-Oom M, Valadao Pinto V, Goncalves P, Spencer-Martins I (2005) Maltotriose utilization by industrial Saccharomyces strains: characterization of a new member of the α-glucoside transporter family. Appl Environ Microbiol 71:5044–5049
Santangelo GM (2006) Glucose signaling in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 70:253–282
Santt O, Pfirrmann T, Braun B, Juretschke J, Kimmig P, Scheel H, Hofmann K, Thumm M, Wolf DH (2008) The yeast GID complex, a novel ubiquitin ligase (E3) involved in the regulation of carbohydrate metabolism. Mol Biol Cell 19:3323–3333
Sanz P (2007) Yeast as a model system to study glucose-mediated signalling and response. Front Biosci 12:2358–2371
Sanz P, Alms GR, Haystead TAJ, Carlson M (2000) Regulatory interactions between the Reg1–Glc7 protein phosphatase and the Snf1 protein kinase. Mol Cell Biol 20:1321–1328
Sato T, Lopez MC, Sugioka S, Jigami Y, Baker HV, Uemura H (1999) The E-box DNA binding protein Sgc1p suppresses the gcr2 mutation, which is involved in transcriptional activation of glycolytic genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEBS Lett 463:307–311
Schaffrath R, Breunig KD (2000) Genetics and molecular physiology of the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis. Fungal Genet Biol 30:173–190
Schmelzle T, Beck T, Martin DE, Hall MN (2004) Activation of the Ras/cyclic AMP pathway suppresses a Tor deficiency in yeast. Mol Cell Biol 24:338–351
Schmidt MC, McCartney RR, Zhang X, Tillman TS, Solimeo H, Wolfl S, Almonte C, Watkins SC (1999) Std1 and Mth1 proteins interact with the glucose sensors to control glucose-regulated gene expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Cell Biol 19:4561–4571
Schulte F, Wieczorke R, Hollenberg CP, Boles E (2000) The HRT1 gene is a dominant mutant allele of MTH1 and blocks Snf3- and Rgt2-dependent glucose signaling in yeast. J Bacteriol 182:540–542
Sellick CA, Reece RJ (2005) Eukaryotic transcription factors as direct nutrient sensors. Trends Biochem Sci 30:405–412
Serrano R, Martin H, Casamayor A, Arino J (2006) Signaling alkaline pH stress in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae through the Wsc1 cell surface sensor and the Slt2 MAPK pathway. J Biol Chem 281:39785–39795
Sexton JA, Brown V, Johnston M (2007) Regulation of sugar transport and metabolism by the Candida albicans Rgt1 transcriptional repressor. Yeast 24:847–860
Shamji AF, Kuruvilla FG, Schreiber SL (2000) Partitioning the transcriptional program induced by rapamycin among the effectors of the Tor proteins. Curr Biol 10:1574–1581
Sherwood PW, Carlson M (1999) Efficient export of the glucose transporter Hxt1p from the endoplasmic reticulum requires Gsf2p. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:7415–7420
Sipos G, Kuchler K (2006) Fungal ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters in drug resistence and detoxication. Curr Drug Targets 7:471–481
Snowdon C, van der Merwe G (2012) Regulation of Hxt3 and Hxt7 turnover converges on the Vid30 complex and requires inactivation of the Ras/cAMP/PKA pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PLoS ONE 7:e50458
Snowdon C, Hlynialuk C, van der Merwe G (2007) Components of the Vid30c are needed for the rapamycin-induced degradation of the high-affinity hexose transporter Hxt7p in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEMS Yeast Res 8:204–216
Snowdon C, Schierholtz R, Poliszczuk P, Hughes S, van der Merwe G (2009) ETP1/YHL010c is novel gene needed for the adaptation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to ethanol. FEMS Yeast Res 9:372–380
Spielewoy N, Fink K, Kalashnikova TI, Walker JR, Wittenberg C (2004) Regulation and recognition of SCFGrr1 targets in the glucose and amino acid signalling pathways. Mol Cell Biol 24:8994–9005
Stambuk BU, Araujo PS (2001) Kinetics of active α-glucoside transport in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEMS Yeast Res 1:73–78
Stasyk OG, Maidan MM, Stasyk OV, Van Dijck P, Thevelein JM, Sibirny AA (2008) Identification of hexose transporter-like sensor HXS1 and functional hexose transporter HXT1 in the methylotropic yeast Hansenula polymorpha. Eukaryot Cell 7:735–746
Sutherland CM, Hawley SA, McCartney RR, Leech A, Stark MJR, Schmidt MC, Hardie DG (2003) Elm1p is one of three upstream kinases for the Saccharomyces cerevisiae SNF1 complex. Curr Biol 13:1299–1305
Swinnen E, Wanke V, Roosen J, Smets B, Dubouloz F, Pedruzzi I, Cameroni E, De Virgilio C, Winderickx J (2006) Rim15 and the cross roads of nutrient signalling pathways in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Cell Div 1:3
Teste MA, Francois JM, Parrou JC (2010) Characterization of a new multigene family encoding isomaltases in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the IMA family. J Biol Chem 285:26815–26824
Thoden JB, Sellick CA, Timson DJ, Reece RJ, Holden HM (2005) Molecular structure of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Gal1p, a bifunctional galactokinase and transcriptional inducer. J Biol Chem 280:36905–36911
Thoden JB, Sellick CA, Reece RJ, Holden HM (2007) Understanding a transcriptional paradigm at the molecular level: the structure of yeast Gal80p. J Biol Chem 282:1534–1538
Thoden JB, Ryan LA, Reece RJ, Holden HM (2008) The interaction between an acidic transcriptional activator and its inhibitor. The molecular basic of Gal4p recognition by Gal80p. J Biol Chem 283:30266–30272
Timson DJ, Reece RJ (2002) Kinetic analysis of yeast galactokinase: implications for transcriptional activation of the GAL genes. Biochimie 84:265–272
Tomás-Cobos L, Sanz P (2002) Active Snf1 protein kinase inhibits expression of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae HXT1 glucose transporter gene. Biochem J 368:657–663
Tomás-Cobos L, Casadomé L, Mas G, Sanz P, Posas F (2004) Expression of the HXT1 low-affinity glucose transporter requires the coordinated activities of the HOG and glucose signalling pathways. J Biol Chem 279:22010–22019
Tomás-Cobos L, Viana R, Sanz P (2005) TOR kinase pathway and 14-3-3 proteins regulate glucose-induced expression of HXT1, a yeast low-affinity glucose transporter. Yeast 22:471–479
Traven A, Jelicic B, Sopta M (2006) Yeast Gal4: a transcriptional paradigm revisited. EMBO Rep 7:496–499
Treitel MA, Carlson M (1995) Repression by SSN6–TUP1 is directed by MIG1, a repressor/activator protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92:3132–3136
Treitel MA, Kuchin S, Carlson M (1998) Snf1 protein kinase regulates phosphorylation of the Mig1 repressor in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Cell Biol 18:6273–6280
Tschopp JF, Emr SD, Field C, Schekman R (1986) GAL2 codes for a membrane-bound subunit of the galactose permease in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Bacteriol 166:313–318
Vagnoli P, Coons DM, Bisson LF (1998) The C-terminal domain of Snf3p mediates glucose-responsive signal transduction in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEMS Microbiol Lett 160:31–36
Van Suylekom D, van Donselaar E, Blanchetot C, Do Ngoc LN, Humbel BM, Boonstra J (2007) Degradation of the hexose transporter Hxt5p in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biol Chem 99:13–23
Vanoni M, Sollitti P, Goldenthal M, Marmur J (1989) Structure and regulation of the multigene family controlling maltose fermentation in budding yeast. Proc Nucleic Acids Res Mol Biol 37:281–322
Varma A, Singh BB, Karnani N, Lichtenberg-Frate H, Hofer M, Magee BB, Prasad R (2000) Molecular cloning and functional characterization of a glucose transporter, CaHGT1, of Candida albicans. FEMS Microbiol Lett 182:15–21
Veiga A, Arrabaca JD, Loureiro-Dias MC (2003) Cyanide-resistant respiration, a very frequent metabolic pathway in yeasts. FEMS Yeast Res 3:239–245
Verwaal R, Paalman JW, Hogenkamp A, Verkleij AJ, Verrips CT, Boonstra J (2002) HXT5 expression is determined by growth rates in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast 19:1029–1038
Verwaal R, Arako M, Kapur R, Verkleij AJ, Verrips CT, Boonstra J (2004) HXT5 expression is under control of STRE and HAP elements in the HXT5 promoter. Yeast 21:747–757
Viladevall L, Serrano R, Ruiz A, Domenech G, Giraldo J, Barcelo A, Arino J (2004) Characterization of the calcium-mediated response to alkaline stress in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 279:43614–43624
Wang X, Bali M, Medintz I, Michels CA (2002) Intracellular maltose is suficient to induce MAL gene expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Eukaryot Cell 1:696–703
Wedaman KP, Reinke A, Anderson S, Yates J 3rd, McCaffery JM, Powers T (2003) Tor kinases are in distinct membrane-associated protein complexes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Biol Cell 14:1204–1223
Weirich J, Goffrini P, Kuger P, Ferrero I, Breunig KD (1997) Influence of mutations in hexose-transporter genes on glucose repression in Kluyveromyces lactis. Eur J Biochem 249:248–257
Wésolowski-Louvel M, Goffrini P, Ferrero I, Fukuhara H (1992a) Glucose transport in the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis. I. Properties of an inducible low-affinity glucose transporter gene. Mol Gen Genet 233:89–96
Wésolowski-Louvel M, Prior C, Bornecque D, Fukuhara H (1992b) Rag− mutations involved in glucose metabolism in yeast: isolation and genetic characterization. Yeast 8:711–719
Westergaard SL, Oliveira AP, Bro C, Olsson L, Nielsen J (2007) A systems biology approach to study glucose repression in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biotechnol Bioeng 96:134–145
Westholm JO, Nordberg N, Murén E, Ameur A, Komorowski J, Ronne H (2008) Combinatorial control of gene expression by the three yeast repressors Mig1, Mig2 and Mig3. BMC Genomics 9:601
Weusthuis RA, Pronk JT, van den Broek PJ, van Dijken JP (1994) Chemostat cultivation as a tool for studies on sugar transport in yeasts. Microbiol Rev 58:616–630
Wieczorke R, Krampe S, Weierstall T, Freidel K, Hollenberg CP, Boles E (1999) Concurrent knock-out of at least 20 transporter genes is required to block uptake of hexoses in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEBS Lett 464:123–128
Wiedemuth C, Breunig KD (2005) Role of Snf1p in regulation of intracellular sorting of the lactose and galactose transporter Lac12p in Kluyveromyces lactis. Eukaryot Cell 4:716–721
Wightman R, Bell R, Reece RJ (2008) Localization and interaction of the proteins constituting the GAL genetic switch in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Eukaryot Cell 7:2061–2068
Willems AR, Schwab M, Tyers M (2004) A hitchhiker’s guide to the cullin ubiquitin ligases: SCF and its kin. Biochim Biophys Acta 1695:133–170
Wolfe KH, Shields DC (1997) Molecular evidence for an ancient duplication of the entire yeast genome. Nature 387:708–713
Yarger JG, Halvorson HO, Hopper JE (1984) Regulation of galactokinase (GAL1) enzyme accumulation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Cell Biochem 61:173–187
Ye L, Kruckeberg AL, Berden JA, van Dam K (1999) Growth and glucose repression are controlled by glucose transport in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells containing only one glucose transporter. J Bacteriol 181:4673–4675
Ye L, Berden JA, van Dam K, Kruckeberg AL (2001) Expression and activity of the Hxt7 high-affinity hexose transporter of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast 18:1257–1267
Zachariae W, Breunig KD (1993) Expression of the transcriptional actvator LAC9 (KlGAL4) in Kluyveromyces lactis is controlled by autoregulation. Mol Cell Biol 13:3058–3066
Zaman S, Lipman SI, Zhao X, Broach JR (2008) How Saccharomyces responds to nutrients. Annu Rev Genet 42:27–81
Zaman S, Lippman SI, Schneper L, Slonim N, Broach JR (2009) Glucose regulates transcription in yeast through a network of signaling pathways. Mol Syst Biol 5:245
Zaragoza O, Rodriguez C, Gancedo C (2000) Isolation of the MIG1 gene from Candida albicans and effects of its disruption on catabolite repression. J Bacteriol 182:320–326
Zenke FT, Zachariae W, Lunkes A, Breunig KD (1993) Gal80 proteins of Kluyveromyces lactis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae are highly conserved but contribute differently to glucose repression of the galactose regulon. Mol Cell Biol 13:7566–7576
Zenke FT, Engles R, Vollenbroich V, Meyer J, Hollenberg CP, Breunig KD (1996) Activation of Gal4p by galactose-dependent interaction of galactokinase and Gal80p. Science 272:1662–1666
Acknowledgments
I am grateful to Jaromir Zahradka for figure design and preparation and to Arnost Kotyk for careful reading the manuscript. This work has been supported by grant GACR P503/10/0307 and RVO:67985823.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Communicated by S. Hohmann.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Horák, J. Regulations of sugar transporters: insights from yeast. Curr Genet 59, 1–31 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00294-013-0388-8
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00294-013-0388-8