Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1
Emergence angles of adventitious roots produced by cane cuttings of, from left to right, Riparia Gloire de Montpelier (V. riparia Michaux), V. riparia x V. rupestris cv. 3309C, and Rupestris du Lot (V. rupestris Scheele) (Guillon 1905; reproduced with the permission of Masson Publishers/Dunod, Paris).
- Figure 2
(A) Vertical root distributions for V. berlandieri x V. rupestris cv. 110R from the work of Kozma (1967). (B) Horizontal root distributions of V. berlandieri x V. rupestris cv. 110R from the work of Kozma (1967).
- Figure 3
Root wall profiles from (A) a Chenango sandy clay loam soil in the Finger Lakes region of New York and (B) a Chenango stony sandy clay loam soil with a gravel lense in the lowest profile level (N. Shaulis, unpublished maps, 1963; reproduced with permission of the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station).
- Figure 4
Root fresh biomass (g m2) for (A) V. vinifera cv. Thompson Seedless and (B) V. solonis X V. rupestris cv. Ramsey (McKenry 1984).
- Figure 5
Cumulative root distributions (cumulative fraction of the total) as a function of soil depth for nine rootstock genotypes. The data in each panel can be described by the least squares fit of the theoretical model of Gale and Grigal (1987) where Y = (1 − ßd), where Y is cumulative fraction of roots with depth and d is the soil depth (cm) as follows: 110R = 0.9843 ± 0.0018 (mean ± se, n = 14); AXR1 = 0.9850 ± 0.0011 (n = 18); 039-16 = 0.9867 ± 0.0006 (n = 11); St. George = 0.9822 ± 0.0016 (n = 9); 1616C = 0.9835 ± 0.0011 (n = 17); 5C = 0.9832 ± 0.0014 (n = 20); Concord = 0.9813 ± 0.0052 (n = 17); 3309C = 0.9842 ± 0.0013 (n = 19); 420A = 0.9840 ± 0.0011 (n = 10).
- Figure 6
Root distributions for V. rupestris x V. riparia cv. 101-14 Mgt under four different cultivation treatments (Van Huyssteen and Weber 1980; reproduced with permission of the South African Journal of Enology and Viticulture).
Tables
Appendix: Root Distribution Table
Genotype Cultivar name Trench deptha(cm) n ß SEb R2 (median) % 60 cm SE % 100 cm SE Soil series Soil texture Region Reference a(⊥) trench placed perpendicular to the vine row; (−) trench placed parallel to the vine row. bIf n > 1, standard error is from n (avg). If n = 1, standard error is from the regression analysis. cNA: not available. dUSDA National Clonal Germplasm Repository, Davis, CA. V. vinifera x V. rupestris AXR1 160 5 0.9850 0.0006 0.9168 59.4 1.5 77.7 1.3 Coombs gravelly loam North America Napa Valley Oakville Morano 1995 V. vinifera x V. rupestris AXR1 200 7 0.9847 0.0018 0.9553 58.9 4.2 76.4 3.9 Bale gravelly clay loam North America Napa Valley Oakville Morano 1995 V. solonis x V. riparia 1616C 160 4 0.9869 0.0009 0.9014 54.5 2.5 72.9 2.4 Coombs gravelly loam North America Napa Valley Oakville Morano 1995 V. solonis x V. riparia 1616C 200 8 0.9851 0.0006 0.9675 59.1 1.6 77.3 1.5 Bale gravelly clay loam North America Napa Valley Oakville Morano 1995 V. berlandieri x V. riparia 420 A 160 4 0.9864 0.0002 0.9275 56.0 0.4 74.5 0.4 Coombs gravelly loam North America Napa Valley Oakville Morano 1995 V. berlandieri x V. riparia 420 A 200 6 0.9826 0.0018 0.9442 64.1 8.8 81.3 7.2 Bale gravelly clay loam North America Napa Valley Oakville Morano 1995 V. berlandieri x V. rupestris 110R 160 3 0.9877 0.0012 0.9026 52.2 3.4 70.6 3.5 Coombs gravelly loam North America Napa Valley Oakville Morano 1995 V. berlandieri x V. rupestris 110R 200 6 0.9873 0.0015 0.9477 58.4 5.9 75.4 5.4 Bale gravelly clay loam North America Napa Valley Oakville Morano 1995 V. vinifera x Muscadinia rotundifolia O39-16 160 3 0.9866 0.0008 0.9009 55.4 2.0 73.9 1.9 Coombs gravelly loam North America Napa Valley Oakville Morano 1995 V. vinifera x Muscadinia rotundifolia O39-16 200 8 0.9868 0.0010 0.9597 54.4 2.6 72.7 2.5 Bale gravelly clay loam North America Napa Valley Oakville Morano 1995 V. riparia x V. rupestris 3309C 160 3 0.9851 0.0015 0.9458 59.0 3.7 77.1 3.4 Bale gravelly loam North America Napa Valley Oakville Morano 1995 V. riparia x V. rupestris 3309C 200 5 0.9863 0.0009 0.9581 56.1 2.3 74.5 2.2 Bale gravelly clay loam North America Napa Valley Oakville Morano 1995 V. berlandieri x V. riparia 5BB 160 4 0.9903 0.0025 0.8701 42.4 9.7 58.3 12.3 Coombs gravelly loam North America Napa Valley Oakville Morano 1995 V. berlandieri x V. riparia 5C 160 3 0.9803 0.0030 0.9654 68.8 5.2 85.2 3.8 Coombs gravelly loam North America Napa Valley Oakville Morano 1995 V. berlandieri x V. riparia 5C 200 7 0.9848 0.0014 0.9606 60.0 3.3 77.8 3.0 Bale gravelly clay loam North America Napa Valley Oakville Morano 1995 V. vinifera x V. rupestris 1202C 160 4 0.9840 0.0022 0.9027 60.9 4.7 78.6 4.0 Coombs gravelly loam North America Napa Valley Oakville Morano 1995 V. berlandieri x V. rupestris 110R 120 4 0.9766 0.0014 0.9691 75.6 2.1 90.4 1.4 Bale gravelly clay loam North America Napa Valley Oakville Morano & Kliewer 1994 V. vinifera x V. rupestris AXR1 120 4 0.9719 0.0031 0.9779 81.0 3.3 93.4 1.8 Bale gravelly clay loam North America Napa Valley Oakville Morano & Kliewer 1994 V. rupestris St. George 120 4 0.9780 0.0006 0.9527 73.6 1.0 73.6 0.7 Bale gravelly clay loam North America Napa Valley Oakville Morano & Kliewer 1994 V. berlandieri x V. riparia 5C 150 8 0.9843 0.0031 0.9654 60.6 2.9 78.4 2.6 Bale gravelly clay loam North America Napa Valley Carneros Sipiora et al. 2005 V. rupestris St. George 150 4 0.9822 0.0006 0.9811 62.4 9.6 79.5 8.6 Haire clay loam North America Napa Valley Carneros Sipiora et al. 2005 V. X. labruscana Concord 120 1 0.9740 — 0.8773 79.4 — 92.8 — Selden sand North America Montague Texas Perry et al. 1983 V. vinifera Barbera 120 1 0.9736 — 0.9066 79.9 — 93.1 — Selden sand North America Montague Texas Perry et al. 1983 Muscadinia rotundifolia Noble 120 1 0.9690 — 0.9339 84.8 — 95.7 — Selden sand North America Montague Texas Perry et al. 1983 V. champinii Dogridge 120 1 0.9716 — 0.9178 82.2 — 94.3 — Selden sand North America Montague Texas Perry et al. 1983 V. riparia x V. rupestris 3309C 120 5 0.9867 0.0035 0.7718 51.5 8.9 67.8 9.1 Chenango gravelly silt loam North America N. Willows Fredonia Shaulis 1963 V. riparia x V. rupestris 3309C 120 2 0.9778 0.0054 0.8976 72.6 8.7 87.8 6.1 Chenango clay loam North America Rynalski West Fredonia Shaulis 1963 V. riparia x V. rupestris 3309C 75 2 0.9651 0.0079 0.9016 86.7 6.1 96.1 2.6 Chenango clay loam North America Loomis Finger Lakes Shaulis 1963 V. riparia x V. rupestris 3309C 105 2 0.9853 0.0014 0.7977 58.7 3.5 77.0 3.2 Chenango gravelly silt loam North America Gold Seal Finger Lakes Shaulis 1963 V. berlandieri x V. riparia 5C 75 2 0.9609 0.0069 0.9283 89.9 4.1 97.6 1.4 Chenango sandy clay loam North America Loomis Finger Lakes Shaulis 1963 V. vinifera x V. rupestris 1202 135 1 0.9769 — 0.8200 75.4 — 90.3 — Chenango sandy loam North America Gold Seal Finger Lakes Shaulis 1963 V. X. labruscana Concord 120 4 0.9796 0.0020 0.9679 70.4 3.8 86.5 2.9 Chenango gravelly silt loam North America Lake Erie Fredonia Shaulis 1963 V. X. labruscana Concord 120 9 0.9762 0.0095 0.8264 63.6 6.1 78.9 4.6 Chenango gravelly silt loam North America N. Willows Fredonia Shaulis 1963 V. X. labruscana Concord 120 3 0.9842 0.0009 0.9314 61.5 2.2 79.5 2.0 Chenango gravelly silt loam North America Rynalski West Fredonia Shaulis 1963 V. solonis x V. riparia 1616C 75 5 0.9780 0.0019 0.6849 72.9 3.6 88.2 2.8 Chenango gravelly silt loam North America Gold Seal Finger Lakes Shaulis 1963 V. vinifera Delaware 75 1 0.9674 — 0.9394 86.3 — 96.3 — Chenango sandy clay loam North America Loomis Finger Lakes Shaulis 1963 V. vinifera Riesling 75 2 0.9658 0.0079 0.9407 86.0 6.4 95.8 2.8 Chenango sandy clay loam North America Loomis Finger Lakes Shaulis 1963 NAc 2209 75 1 0.9821 — 0.7589 66.2 — 83.6 — Chenango sandy clay loam North America Loomis Finger Lakes Shaulis 1963 V. riparia Riparia Quebec 75 2 0.9751 0.0005 0.8361 78.0 0.7 92.0 0.4 Chenango gravelly silt loam North America Gold Seal Finger Lakes Shaulis 1963 V. riparia Riparia Gloire 105–135 2 0.9843 0.0017 0.8103 61.1 4.0 79.1 3.6 Chenango gravelly silt loam North America Gold Seal Finger Lakes Shaulis 1963 V. berlandieri x V. riparia 5A 120 1 0.9890 0.0022 0.8089 48.5 — 66.9 — Chenango gravelly silt loam North America N. Willows Fredonia Shaulis 1963 V. berlandieri x V. riparia SO4 120 4 0.9786 0.0027 0.8725 71.6 5.1 87.1 4.0 NAc loamy clay France Loire Valley Morlat & Jacquet 1993 V. vinifera Thompson Seedless 135 4 0.9792 0.0011 0.9589 71.5 2.8 87.5 2.0 Hanford fine sandy loam North America San Joaquin Valley Araujo et al. 1995 1616C x V. riparia 216/3 Castel 120 1 0.9784 0.0083 0.8991 73.0 — 88.7 — Oakleaf sandy clay loam South Africa Breede River Valley Southey 1992 V. berlandieri x V. rupestris 1103P 120 1 0.9787 0.006 0.9382 72.5 — 88.4 — Oakleaf sandy clay loam South Africa Breede River Valley Southey 1992 V. berlandieri x V. rupestris 99R 120 1 0.9776 0.0052 0.9502 74.3 — 89.6 — Oakleaf sandy clay loam South Africa Breede River Valley Southey 1992 V. berlandieri x V. rupestris 140Ru 120 1 0.9802 0.0105 0.8609 69.9 — 86.5 — Oakleaf sandy clay loam South Africa Breede River Valley Southey 1992 V. berlandieri x V. rupestris 110R 120 1 0.977 0.0097 0.8728 75.2 — 90.2 — Oakleaf sandy clay loam South Africa Breede River Valley Southey 1992 1616C x V. riparia 13/5 E.V.E. Jerex 120 1 0.9794 0.0050 0.9518 71.3 — 87.5 — Oakleaf sandy clay loam South Africa Breede River Valley Southey 1992 V. riparia x V. rupestris 101-14 Mgt 120 1 0.9729 0.0054 0.9466 80.8 — 93.6 — Oakleaf sandy clay loam South Africa Breede River Valley Southey 1992 1616C x V. rupestris Grezot 1 120 1 0.9751 0.0069 0.9226 78.0 — 92.0 — Oakleaf sandy clay loam South Africa Breede River Valley Southey 1992 1202C x 99R US 16-13-23 120 1 0.9836 0.0064 0.925 62.9 — 80.9 — Oakleaf sandy clay loam South Africa Breede River Valley Southey 1992 V. champinii Ramsey 120 1 0.9772 0.0093 0.8829 74.9 — 90.0 — Oakleaf sandy clay loam South Africa Breede River Valley Southey 1992 V. berlandieri x V. rupestris 99R 105–135 4 0.9737 0.0035 0.9807 77.9 4.9 91.1 3.2 Hutton sandy silt South Africa Vredendal Van Zyl 1988 V. riparia x V. rupestris 101-14 Mgt 180 1 0.9948 0.0193 0.5424 26.9 — 40.6 — Oakleaf sandy silt South Africa Vredendal Southey & Archer 1988 V. riparia x V. rupestris 3306C 180 1 0.9791 0.0161 0.8067 71.8 — 87.9 — Oakleaf sandy silt South Africa Vredendal Southey & Archer 1988 V. vinifera x V. riparia 143-B Mgt 180 1 0.9878 0.0255 0.6875 52.1 — 70.7 — Oakleaf sandy silt South Africa Vredendal Southey & Archer 1988 V. aestivalis x V. cinerea x V. vinifera Jacquez 180 1 0.9925 0.0124 0.8442 36.3 — 52.9 — Oakleaf sandy silt South Africa Vredendal Southey & Archer 1988 V. rupestris Rupestris du Lot 180 1 0.9866 0.0188 0.7817 55.5 — 74.1 — Oakleaf sandy loam South Africa Vredendal Southey & Archer 1988 V. vinifera x V. berlandieri 333 EM 180 1 0.9811 0.0174 0.7958 68.2 — 85.2 — Oakleaf sandy loam South Africa Vredendal Southey & Archer 1988 V. champinii Ramsey 150 1 0.9906 0.0088 0.8165 43.3 — 61.1 — Hutton sandy clay loam South Africa Lutzville Southey & Archer 1988 V. rupestris De Waal 150 1 0.9893 0.0100 0.8182 47.6 — 65.9 — Hutton sandy clay loam South Africa Lutzville Southey & Archer 1988 V. berlandieri x V. rupestris 99R 150 1 0.9918 0.0133 0.7398 39.0 — 56.1 — Hutton sandy clay loam South Africa Lutzville Southey & Archer 1988 V. riparia x V. rupestris 101-14 Mgt 150 1 0.9918 0.0114 0.7449 39.0 — 56.1 — Hutton sandy clay loam South Africa Lutzville Southey & Archer 1988 V. vinifera x V. riparia 143-B Mgt 150 1 0.9918 0.0139 0.7278 39.0 — 56.1 — Hutton sandy clay loam South Africa Lutzville Southey & Archer 1988 V. berlandieri x V. riparia Teleki 150 1 0.9942 0.0197 0.5911 29.5 — 44.1 — Hutton sandy clay loam South Africa Lutzville Southey & Archer 1988 V. aestivalis x V. cinerea x V. vinifera Jacquez 150 1 0.9901 0.0089 0.8068 45.0 — 63.0 — Hutton sandy clay loam South Africa Lutzville Southey & Archer 1988 V. riparia x V. rupestris 3306C 150 1 0.9893 0.0166 0.7389 47.6 — 65.9 — Hutton sandy clay loam South Africa Lutzville Southey & Archer 1988 V. vinifera x V. riparia 143B 125⊥ 5 0.9610 0.0021 0.8908 75.8 3.0 90.3 1.8 Hutton/Sterkspruit sandy clay loam South Africa Breede River Valley Saayman & Van Huyssteen 1982 V. berlandieri x V. rupestris 99R 120 3 0.9816 0.0076 0.9044 67.1 0.6 84.3 0.5 NAc sandy clay loam South Africa Stellenbosch Hunter et al. 1995 V. berlandieri x V. riparia 5C 240⊥ 1 0.9919 0.0032 0.9114 38.6 — 55.7 — Hanford sandy loam North America San Joaquin Valley Williams & Smith 1991 V. berlandieri x V. riparia 5C 240− 1 0.9918 0.0018 0.9570 38.9 — 56.1 — Hanford sandy loam North America San Joaquin Valley Williams & Smith 1991 V. vinifera x V. rupestris AXR1 240⊥ 1 0.9930 0.0046 0.8531 34.4 — 50.5 — Hanford sandy loam North America San Joaquin Valley Williams & Smith 1991 V. vinifera x V. rupestris AXR1 240− 1 0.9913 0.0018 0.9570 40.8 — 58.3 — Hanford sandy loam North America San Joaquin Valley Williams & Smith 1991 V. rupestris St. George 240⊥ 1 0.9929 0.0044 0.8614 34.4 — 50.5 — Hanford sandy loam North America San Joaquin Valley Williams & Smith 1991 V. rupestris St. George 240− 1 0.9907 0.0034 0.9023 42.9 — 60.7 — Hanford sandy loam North America San Joaquin Valley Williams & Smith 1991 V. berlandieri x V. rupestris 99R 100 4 0.9781 0.0026 0.8341 72.7 3.9 88.1 2.6 Glenrosa clay loam South Africa Stellenbosch Van Huyssteen 1988 V. riparia x V. rupestris 101–14 Mgt 100 4 0.9783 0.0026 0.8155 72.2 4.4 87.7 3.3 Hutton/Sterkspruit sandy clay loam South Africa Breede River Valley Saayman & Huyssteen V. riparia x V. rupestris 101–14 Mgt 160 1 0.9843 0.0105 0.8521 61.3 — 79.5 — Clovelly Brown Apedal South Africa Stellenbosch Southey & Archer 1988 V. berlandieri x V. rupestris 1103P 160 1 0.9844 0.0059 0.8832 61.1 — 79.2 — Clovelly Brown Apedal South Africa Stellenbosch Southey & Archer 1988 V. berlandieri x V. rupestris 140Ru 160 1 0.9878 0.0073 0.8404 52.1 — 70.7 — Clovelly sandy loam South Africa Stellenbosch Southey & Archer 1988 V. berlandieri Berlandieri 13/5 160 1 0.9815 0.0046 0.9260 67.4 — 84.5 — Clovelly sandy loam South Africa Stellenbosch Southey & Archer 1988 V. berlandieri x V. rupestris 110R 160 1 0.9848 0.0042 0.9306 60.1 — 78.4 — Clovelly sandy loam South Africa Stellenbosch Southey & Archer 1988 1202C x 99R USVIT 16-13-23 160 1 0.9835 0.0096 0.8736 63.1 — 81.1 — Clovelly sandy loam South Africa Stellenbosch Southey & Archer 1988 V. berlandieri x V. rupestris 110R 120 1 0.9838 0.0115 0.8409 62.5 — 80.5 — Oakleaf silt loam South Africa Breede River Valley Swanepoel & Southey 1989 V. berlandieri x V. rupestris 775P 120 1 0.9821 0.0099 0.8721 66.2 — 83.6 — Oakleaf silt loam South Africa Breede River Valley Swanepoel & Southey 1989 V. riparia x V. rupestris 101–14 Mgt 120 1 0.9857 0.0120 0.8297 57.9 — 76.3 — Oakleaf silt loam South Africa Breede River Valley Swanepoel & Southey 1989 V. berlandieri x V. rupestris 99R 120 1 0.9837 0.0127 0.8209 62.7 — 80.7 — Oakleaf silt loam South Africa Breede River Valley Swanepoel & Southey 1989 V. berlandieri x V. rupestris 1103P 120 1 0.9842 0.0118 0.8351 61.5 — 79.7 — Oakleaf silt loam South Africa Breede River Valley Swanepoel & Southey 1989 V. berlandieri Berlandieri 13/5 120 1 0.9849 0.0123 0.8251 59.9 — 78.2 — Oakleaf silt loam South Africa Breede River Valley Swanepoel & Southey 1989 1202C x 99R US 16- 13-26 120 1 0.9828 0.0127 0.8803 64.7 — 82.4 — Oakleaf silt loam South Africa Breede River Valley Swanepoel & Southey 1989 Jaquez x 99R US 12-6-8 120 1 0.9843 0.0134 0.8101 61.3 — 79.5 — Oakleaf silt loam South Africa Breede River Valley Swanepoel & Southey 1989 V. berlandieri x V. rupestris 140Ru 120 1 0.9832 0.0108 0.8548 63.8 — 81.6 — Oakleaf silt loam South Africa Breede River Valley Swanepoel & Southey 1989 V. berlandieri x V. riparia SO4 90 1 0.9770 0.0116 0.9192 75.2 — 90.2 — NAc loamy clay France Loire Valley Morlat & Jacquet 2003 V. arizonica DVIT 1269d 125− 1 0.9827 0.0140 0.8160 64.9 — 82.5 — Hanford sandy loam North America San Joaquin Valley Padgett-Johnson 1999 V. arizonica DVIT 1269 125⊥ 1 0.9797 0.0155 0.8980 70.8 — 87.1 — Hanford sandy loam North America San Joaquin Valley Padgett-Johnson 1999 V. berlandieri DVIT 1592 125− 1 0.9847 0.0147 0.8030 60.4 — 78.6 — Hanford sandy loam North America San Joaquin Valley Padgett-Johnson 1999 V. berlandieri DVIT 1592 125⊥ 1 0.9832 0.0090 0.8920 63.8 — 81.6 — Hanford sandy loam North America San Joaquin Valley Padgett-Johnson 1999 V. vinifera Carignane 125− 1 0.9855 0.0144 0.8070 58.4 — 76.8 — Hanford sandy loam North America San Joaquin Valley Padgett-Johnson 1999 V. vinifera Carignane 125⊥ 1 0.9835 0.0110 0.8767 63.1 — 81.1 — Hanford sandy loam North America San Joaquin Valley Padgett-Johnson 1999 V. champinii Dogridge 125− 1 0.9471 0.0088 0.8969 96.2 — 99.6 — Hanford sandy loam North America San Joaquin Valley Padgett-Johnson 1999 V. champinii Dogridge 125⊥ 1 0.9793 0.0094 0.8839 71.5 — 87.7 — Hanford sandy loam North America San Joaquin Valley Padgett-Johnson 1999 V. candicans DVIT 1844 125− 1 0.9821 0.0138 0.8155 66.2 — 83.6 — Hanford sandy loam North America San Joaquin Valley Padgett-Johnson 1999 V. candicans DVIT 1844 125⊥ 1 0.9799 0.0107 0.8628 70.4 — 86.9 — Hanford sandy loam North America San Joaquin Valley Padgett-Johnson 1999 V. rupestris DVIT 1263 125− 1 0.9841 0.0131 0.8257 61.8 — 79.9 — Hanford sandy loam North America San Joaquin Valley Padgett-Johnson 1999 V. rupestris DVIT 1263 125⊥ 1 0.9830 0.0078 0.9102 82.0 — 64.3 — Hanford sandy loam North America San Joaquin Valley Padgett-Johnson 1999 V. riparia DVIT 1444 125− 1 0.9809 0.0105 0.8693 85.5 — 68.6 — Hanford sandy loam North America San Joaquin Valley Padgett-Johnson 1999 V. riparia DVIT 1444 125⊥ 1 0.9802 0.0095 0.8795 86.5 — 69.9 — Hanford sandy loam North America San Joaquin Valley Padgett-Johnson 1999
Vol 57 Issue 1
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