Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1
Phylogenetic tree obtained by alignment of the sequenced portion of 26S rDNA (Arg.: Argentina; Bel.: Belgium; New Z.: New Zealand; Port.: Portugal; MO: Missouri; TS: type strain sequence).
- Figure 2
Cluster analysis of the physiological-genetic data matrix. Text boxes are highlighting the fact that the defined groups are characterized by a different production of ethyl phenols. Low: <100 μg/L (13 strains); medium (in bold font): ~1000 μg/L (6 strains); high: ~2000 μg/ L (16 strains).
- Figure 3
Predictions on the first two discriminant functions calculated based on the 26S rDNA physiological-genetic profile. Groups are enclosed by their respective convex hulls. The first two linear discriminants account for 63% and 31% of the trace (between-group variance), respectively.
Tables
- Table 1
Brettanomyces isolates, collections, origin, variety, and vintage.
UCDa NYSAESa Other collectiona Geographic origin Varietyb Vintage aUCD: UC Davis Wine Yeast and Bacteria Collection; NYSAES: New York State Agricultural Experiment Station; CBS: Centraalbureau voor Shimmelcultures; UCD FST: UCD Food Science and Technology; DBVPG: Dipartmento di Biologia Vegetale Università di Perugia. bCH: Chardonnay; CS: Cabernet Sauvignon; M: Merlot; PN: Pinot noir; Z: Zinfandel; na: not available. 615 California na 1974 738 Missouri na 1982 752 France na 1984 2030 California CS 1972 2041 Thailand Fruit 2002 2046 California M 1999 2047 California CS 2001 2048 California PN 1999 2049 New Zealand PN 2001 2050 New Zealand CH 2001 2051 California PN 2000 2052 California Z 2001 2053 California CS 2001 2054 California CS 2001 2058 CBS73, UCD FST82-30 France Must 1933 2059 UCD FST77-105 California CS 1975 2060 Chile CS 2001 2062 UCD FST75-41 France Champagne 1975 2063 UCD FST77-106 California CS 1975 2065 DBVPG4051 Malta White must na 2066 DBVPG4052 Malta White must na 2067 California PN 2000 2075 California na 2001 2076 Canada, BC na 2001 2077 Chile CS 2001 2078 CE40 CBS 72 Belgium Beer 1931 2079 CE41 CBS 74 Belgium Beer 1940 2080 CE116 Germany na na 2081 CE119 California CS 1989 2082 CE120 California CS 1989 2083 CE122 California CS 1992 2085 CE50 California na na 2091 CBS 2797 France Bordeaux 1957 2092 CBS 2796 Germany Sparkling Moselle 1957 2093 New York na 2001 CE121 California na na CE148 Portugal na na CE149 Canada na na CE150 Canada na na HKY6 New Zealand na na HKY 8 Chile na na HKY65 Italy na na HKY99 New York na na HKY23 Portugal na na HKY33 Portugal na na HKY14 Argentina na na HKY47 Italy na na HKY86 Italy na na - Table 2
Summary of physiological characteristics of 35 Brettanomyces strains.
Character tested Frequency Isolates (%) Carbon source growth Arginine, cellulose, proline, tartrate 0 0 Adonitol 2 6 Arabinose, citrate, starch 3 9 Lactose, mannitol, raffinose 4 11 Ethanol 9 26 Glycerol 10 29 Lactate 12 34 Succinate 13 37 Malate 14 40 Galactose 28 80 Cellobiose, maltose 32 91 Trehalose 34 97 Sucrose 35 100 Nitrogen source growth Nitrate 25 71 Arginine, proline 35 100 Temperature growth at 37°C 13 37 at 10°C 11 31 Alcohol Tolerance >10% 35 100 Sulfite tolerance >30 mg/L at pH 3.4 17 49 pH growth at pH 2.0 33 94 4-EP and 4-EG (μg/L) High (>2000 4-EP; >1500 4-EG) 17 49 Medium (1000–2000 4-EP;700–1500 4-EG) 6 17 Low (<50 4-EP; <60 4-EG) 7 20 None (<4.0 4-EP and 4-EG) 7 17 - Table 3
26S rDNA genetic profile compared to the strain origin, SO2 tolerance, growth on ethanol and at 10°C, and volatile phenol production.
Strain Growth at 10°C SO2 tolerance (mg/L) 4-EP (μg/L) 4-EG (μg/L) Growth on ethanol Origin 26S rDNA group ana: data not available. 752 ++ 20 32 18 + France naa 2058 + 20 12 24 + France a 2063 − 30 1820 1330 − California a 2079 − 50 26 17 − Belgium a 2092 + 50 47 34 + Germany a 2093 + 50 2800 2060 + New York a 2091 + 20 0 0 + France a 2078 − 10 0 0 − Belgium a 2030 − 20 10 7 − California b 2048 − 50 2720 2450 − California b 2059 − 50 2810 2310 − California b 2067 − 30 1680 1230 − California b 2076 − 50 2870 2310 − Canada b 2077 − 50 2830 1930 − Chile b 2081 + 50 20 56 − California b 2082 − 50 2760 2030 − California b 2083 − 50 2860 2340 − California b 2085 − 50 2770 2190 − California b 2041 − 10 0 0 − Thailand b 2053 − 20 1564 1000 − California b 2062 − 30 2610 2090 − France b 2075 − 30 2810 2220 − California b 2060 − 30 2800 2340 − Chile b 615 + 20 2600 2130 + California c 738 ++ 30 2680 2380 − Missouri c 2047 + 10 1880 1340 + California c 2049 + 10 1113 870 − New Zealand c 2050 + 20 2470 1860 − New Zealand c 2054 + 20 1261 790 + California c 2051 + 20 2350 1720 − California c 2052 + 10 2590 1860 − California c 2046 − 20 0 0 − California d 2065 − 10 4 5 − Malta d 2066 + 10 0 0 + Malta d 2080 − 10 0 0 − Germany e
Vol 57 Issue 2
