Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1
(A) Vineyard experimental diagram, where a rootstock consists of an entire vineyard row and where half of that row was either fumigated (dark gray) or not fumigated (light gray). Within each vineyard row, three, 10-vine sections were designated for data collection: F (blue) in the fumigated half; NF (yellow), in the nonfumigated half of the row; and NF+ (orange), where ~20,000 additional Meloidogyne hapla eggs were added to vine roots at planting in the NF half of the row. Fumigation occurred on 18 Sept 2014, and planting and additional nematode inoculation occurred on 12 May 2015. (B) Foliar glyphosate was applied to kill the existing vines in fall 2014 prior to being removed and replanting. (C) Vineyard rows with NF (yellow) 10-vine section highlighted as an example. (D) In the NF+ plots, vines were inoculated with M. hapla eggs prior to planting.
- Figure 2
Dormant vine pruning weights by fumigation (soil) treatment in fall of (A) 2015, (B) 2016, and (C) 2017. Fumigation treatments were fumigated (F), nonfumigated (NF), and nonfumigated inoculated (NF+), where ~20,000 additional Meloidogyne hapla eggs were added to the vines at planting. Rootstock treatments were combined within fumigation treatments because there was no rootstock × fumigation interaction. Fumigation occurred on 18 Sept 2014. Planting occurred on 12 May 2015. Error bars are standard error (n = 4). Different letters denote significant differences among treatment means at α = 0.05 using Tukey’s honest significant difference.
- Figure 3
Dormant vine pruning weights by rootstock treatment in (A) 2015, (B) 2016, and (C) 2017. Rootstocks were Teleki 5C, 101-14 Millardet et de Grasset (101-14 Mgt), Paulsen 1103 (1103 P), Harmony, self-grafted Vitis vinifera Chardonnay (Self-grafted), and own-rooted nongrafted Chardonnay (Own-rooted). All rootstocks were grafted with V. vinifera Chardonnay Foundation Plant Services selection 15 as the scion. Fumigation treatments were combined within rootstock treatments as there was no rootstock × fumigation interaction. Within a graph, different letters denote significant differences among treatment means at α = 0.05 using Tukey’s honest significant difference. Error bars are standard error (n = 4). Fumigation occurred on 18 Sept 2014 and planting occurred on 12 May 2015.
- Figure 4
First partial harvest in 2017 with average yield per vine by rootstock treatment (p = 0.003). Rootstocks were Teleki 5C, 101-14 Millardet et de Grasset (101-14 Mgt), Paulsen 1103 (1103 P), Harmony, self-grafted Vitis vinifera Chardonnay (Self-grafted), and own-rooted nongrafted Chardonnay (Own-rooted). All rootstocks were grafted with V. vinifera Chardonnay Foundation Plant Services selection 15 as the scion. Fumigation treatments were combined within rootstock treatments as there was no rootstock × fumigation interaction. Within a graph, different letters denote significant differences among treatment means at α = 0.05 using Tukey’s honest significant difference. Error bars are standard error (n = 4). Fumigation occurred on 18 Sept 2014 and planting occurred on 12 May 2015.
- Figure 5
Meloidogyne hapla egg population densities (per g root) in (A) fall 2016 by rootstock, (B) fall 2016 by fumigation, (C) fall 2017 by rootstock, and (D) fall 2017 by fumigation. There was no interaction between rootstocks and fumigation, so they are presented separately. Rootstocks were Teleki 5C, 101-14 Millardet et de Grasset (101-14 Mgt), Paulsen 1103 (1103 P), Harmony, self-grafted Vitis vinifera Chardonnay (Self-grafted), and own-rooted nongrafted Chardonnay (Own-rooted). All rootstocks were grafted with V. vinifera Chardonnay Foundation Plant Services selection 15 as the scion. Fumigation treatments were fumigated with metam sodium (F), nonfumigated (NF), and nonfumigated inoculated (NF+) with ~20,000 additional M. hapla eggs applied at planting. Fumigation occurred on 18 Sept 2014 and planting and additional nematode inoculation (NF+) occurred on 12 May 2015. Error bars are standard error (n = 4). Different letters denote significant differences among treatment means at α = 0.05 using Tukey’s honest significant difference.
- Figure 6
Categorical diagram of Meloidogyne hapla (root-knot nematode) management risk over time. Rootstock and fumigation combination M. hapla second-stage juveniles (J2) density categories: 1) less than 50 M. hapla J2/250 g soil (blue; below management threshold), 2) 50 to 150 M. hapla J2/250 g soil (yellow; around proposed management threshold), and 3) more than 150 M. hapla J2/250 g soil (red; above management threshold)) in fall of 2015, 2016, and 2017. Fumigation treatments were fumigated (F), nonfumigated (NF), and nonfumigated inoculated (NF+) with ~20,000 additional M. hapla eggs at planting. Rootstocks were Teleki 5C, 101-14 Millardet et de Grasset (101-14 Mgt), Paulsen 1103 (1103 P), Harmony, own-rooted nongrafted Vitis vinifera Chardonnay (Own-rooted), and self-grafted V. vinifera Chardonnay (Self-grafted). Each data point within a treatment combination is the average of n = 4. Fumigation occurred on 18 Sept 2014 and planting and additional nematode inoculation occurred on 12 May 2015.
- Figure 7
Higher nematode population densities in the previous growing season negatively impact vine vigor (pruning weights; PW) the following season. Linear regression comparison between ranked PW of vines on susceptible Vitis vinifera Chardonnay roots and the previous year’s ranked Meloidogyne hapla second-stage juveniles (J2) population densities for two growing season cycles: fall 2015 M. hapla J2 densities compared to fall 2016 PW (black circles), and fall 2016 M. hapla J2 densities compared to fall 2017 PW (white circles). 2015 to 2016 regression (solid line): y = 67.3 – 0.5846x, R2 = 0.34, p = 0.003. 2016 to 2017 regression (dashed line): y = 63.7 – 0.5259x, R2 = 0.29, p = 0.006.
- Figure 8
Cumulative Meloidogyne hapla second-stage juvenile (J2) dosage (in nematode degree days; Noling and Ferris 1987) at sampling time points postplanting (spring 2015). Nematode dosage due to rootstock is far lower on rootstocks than the susceptible Vitis vinifera controls (A), and dosage due to fumigation persists across all three years (B). Each error bar is constructed using 1 standard error from the mean. Fumigation occurred on 18 Sept 2014 and planting and additional nematode inoculation occurred on 12 May 2015. Error bars are standard error (n = 4). Nematode dosage is a measure of cumulative nematode pressure experienced over time, which is especially important in a perennial system. Rootstocks were Teleki 5C (5C), 101-14 Millardet et de Grasset (101-14 Mgt), Paulsen 1103 (1103 P), Harmony, self-grafted V. vinifera Chardonnay (Self-grafted), and own-rooted nongrafted Chardonnay (Own-rooted). All rootstocks were grafted with V. vinifera Chardonnay Foundation Plant Services selection 15 as the scion. Fumigation treatments were fumigated with metam sodium (F), nonfumigated (NF), and nonfumigated inoculated (NF+) with ~20,000 additional M. hapla eggs applied at planting. Fumigation occurred on 18 Sept 2014 and planting occurred on 12 May 2015.
Tables
- Table 1
Average Meloidogyne hapla second-stage juvenile (J2) soil densities (per 250 g soil) at fall and spring sampling dates from fall 2014 to spring 2018. Fumigation occurred on 18 Sept 2014 and planting on 12 May 2015. Fumigation treatments were fumigated (F), nonfumigated (NF), and nonfumigated inoculated (NF+) with ~20,000 additional M. hapla eggs applied at planting. Rootstocks were Teleki 5C (5C), 101-14 Millardet et de Grasset (101-14 Mgt), Paulsen 1103 (1103 P), Harmony, self-grafted Vitis vinifera Chardonnay (self-grafted), and own-rooted nongrafted Chardonnay (own-rooted). All rootstocks were grafted with V. vinifera Chardonnay Foundation Plant Services selection 15 as the scion.
- Table 2
Average Xiphinema americanum population densities (per 250 g soil) at fall and spring sampling dates from fall 2014 to spring 2018. Fumigation occurred on 18 Sept 2014, and planting on 12 May 2015. Fumigation treatments were fumigated (F) and nonfumigated (NF). Rootstocks were Teleki 5C (5C), 101-14 Millardet et de Grasset (101-14 Mgt), Paulsen 1103 (1103 P), Harmony, self-grafted Vitis vinifera Chardonnay (self-grafted), and own-rooted nongrafted Chardonnay (own-rooted). All rootstocks were grafted with V. vinifera Chardonnay Foundation Plant Services selection 15 as the scion.
Supplemental Table 1 Standard least squares output for Meloidogyne hapla second-stage juvenile (J2) population density as a split-plot with fumigation, rootstock, and fumigation × rootstock as fixed variables, and block × rootstock with block as a random variable (Block is the replicate blocks). Fumigation occurred on 18 Sept 2014 and planting on 12 May 2015. Nparm, number of parameters associated with the effect; DF, degrees of freedom associated with the effects test; DFDen, denominator degrees of freedom.
Supplemental Table 2 Standard least squares output for Xiphinema americanum soil population density as a split-plot with fumigation, rootstock, and fumigation × rootstock as fixed variables, and block × rootstock with block as a random variable (Block is the replicate blocks). Fumigation occurred on 18 Sept 2014 and planting on 12 May 2015. Nparm, number of parameters associated with the effect; DF, degrees of freedom associated with the effects test; DFDen, denominator degrees of freedom.
Supplemental Table 3 Standard least squares output for vine parameters: pruning ratings (fall 2015), pruning weights (fall 2016, fall 2017), and harvest yield (fall 2017) as a split-plot with fumigation, rootstock, fumigation × rootstock, and block × rootstock as fixed variables, and block as a random variable (Block is the replicate blocks). Fumigation occurred on 18 Sept 2014 and planting on 12 May 2015. Nparm, number of parameters associated with the effect; DF, degrees of freedom associated with the effects test; DFDen, denominator degrees of freedom.
Vol 72 Issue 2
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