Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1
Schematic representation of the proanthocyanidin (PA) biosynthetic pathway in grapes. Enzyme names are abbreviated as follows: DHD/SDH, 3-dehydroquinate dehydratase/shikimate 5-dehydrogenase; SK, shikimate kinase; PAL, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase; C4H, cinnamate 4-hydroxylase; 4CL, 4-coumarate:CoA-ligase; CHS, chalcone synthase; CHI, chalcone isomerase; F3H, flavanone 3-hydroxylase; F3′H, flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase; F3′5′H, flavonoid 3′,5′-hydroxylase; DFR, dihydroflavonol 4-reductase; LAR, leucoanthocyanidin reductase; LDOX, leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase; ANR, anthocyanidin reductase; GT, glucosyltransferase; SCP, serine carboxypeptidase; GST, glutathione S-transferase; MATE transporter, multidrug, and toxic compound extrusion transporter. The products in the dotted line boxes are PAs as well as members of the terminal subunits and extension subunit precursors.
- Figure 2
A heat map showing two-dimensional hierarchical dendrograms of proanthocyanidin (PA) variables in a hybrid population (Pop AC). Each column in the heat map represents a PA variable and each row, an individual. The upper dendrogram corresponds to PA variables where the clusters are indicated by C1-C5. The dendrogram on the left corresponds to individuals where the clusters are indicated by S1-S8. The values were normalized for the heat map visualization. Higher values are presented in red, and lower values are presented in blue, as shown in the scale on the right. PA subunits at the extension position are indicated by (Ex), and those at the terminal position are indicated by (T). %P, percentage of prodelphinidin subunit; %G, percentage of galloylation; mDP, mean degree of polymerization.
- Figure 3
Histograms of total proanthocyanidin (PA) concentrations and variable composition in the skin and seeds among the hybrid population (Pop AC) over two years. Histograms of total PA concentration and composition in the skin and seeds for two years (2014 and 2015) are shown: A) skin total PA concentrations; B) skin percentage of prodelphinidin subunit (%P); C) skin percentage of galloylation (%G); D) skin mean degree of polymerization (mDP); E) seed total PA concentrations expressed as mg/g seed; F) seed %G; G) seed mDP. The total PA concentration is expressed as mg/g tissues. On the vertical axis, the frequency of a given class for the population is shown. Arrows indicate the positions of the parent’s values; MA, Muscat of Alexandria; CE, Campbell Early. The correlation coefficients between years are shown in the upper right section in each histogram. Histograms of all PA variables examined are shown in Supplemental Figure 1.
- Figure 4
Box plots of proanthocyanidin (PA) subunit concentrations and composition for the stable simple sequence repeat (SSR) marker genotypes nearest to the quantitative trait locus (QTL) in the hybrid population (Pop AC). The genotypes are expressed as allele length in base pair (bp). The horizontal line inside a box shows the median value, and the horizontal line through a box indicates the mean. Box height indicates 50% of the data. Different letters (α, β, γ) indicate statistical significance at p < 0.05 by Tukey’s honest significant difference. PA subunits at the extension position are indicated by (Ex), and those at the terminal position are indicated by (T). %P, percentage of prodelphinidin subunit; %G, percentage of galloylation; mDP, mean degree of polymerization. The box plot for the genotypes of all SSR markers detected is shown in Supplemental Figure 2.
Tables
- Table 1
Description of proanthocyanidin (PA) variables. mDP, mean degree of polymerization.
- Table 2
Comparison of proanthocyanidin (PA) subunit concentrations and composition in the skin and seeds of Muscat of Alexandria (MA) and Campbell Early (CE). The values are the average of replicates for two years.
- Table 3
Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) of proanthocyanidin (PA) subunit concentrations and composition in the hybrid population (Pop AC) identified in both years. LOD, logarithm of the odds.
Supplemental Table 1 Correlation matrix heat map of proanthocyanidin (PA) subunit concentrations and composition in 2014 among the hybrid population (Pop AC). Higher absolute correlation coefficients are shown in higher orange color intensity, as indicated on the scale in the left side of the table.
Supplemental Table 2 Correlation matrix heat map of proanthocyanidin (PA) subunit concentrations and composition in 2015 among the hybrid population (Pop AC). Higher absolute correlation coefficients are shown in higher orange color intensity, as indicated on the scale in the left side of the table.
Supplemental Table 3 Quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis results of proanthocyanidin (PA) subunit concentrations and composition in the hybrid population (Pop AC). Full list of detected QTLs, including those only identified in a single year, is shown. LOD, logarithm of the odds.
Supplemental Figure 1 Histograms of proanthocyanidin (PA) subunit concentrations and composition in the skin and seeds among the hybrid population (Pop AC) over two years. Histograms of PA variables in the skin and seeds for two years (2014 and 2015): A-F) skin PA subunit concentrations; G-I) skin total PA concentrations; J-L) skin percentage of prodelphindin subunit (%P), percentage of galloylation (%G), and mean degree of polymerization (mDP); M-R) seed PA subunit concentrations; S-V) seed total PA concentrations; W, X) seed %G and mDP. The vertical axis indicates the frequency of a given class for the population. Arrows indicate the concentrations of the two parents. MA, Muscat of Alexandria; CE, Campbell Early. PA subunits at the extension position are indicated by (Ex), and those at the terminal position are indicated by (T). The correlation coefficients between years are shown in the upper right section in each histogram.
Supplemental Figure 2 Box plot of proanthocyanidin (PA) subunit concentrations and composition for the genotypes of simple sequence repeat markers nearest to the quantitative trait locus in the hybrid population (Pop AC). Genotypes are expressed as allele lengths in base pairs (bp). A horizontal line inside a box shows the median value, while a line through a box indicates the mean. Box height indicates 50% of the data. Different letters (α, β, γ) indicate statistical significance at p < 0.05 by Tukey’s honest significant difference. PA subunits at the extension position are indicated by (Ex), and those at the terminal position are indicated by (T). %P, percentage of prodelphinidin subunit; %G, percentage of galloylation; mDP, mean degree of polymerization.
Vol 74 Issue 1
