Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1
A) Typical grapevine powdery mildew (GPM) symptoms on upper side of leaf, B) typical grapevine downy mildew symptoms on upper side of leaf, C) typical botrytis bunch rot symptoms on cracked berries at initial infection and sporulation stages, D) colonies and chasmothecia on infected berries, E) Plasmopara viticola sporulation on lower side of leaf, and F) extensive grayish sporulation of Botrytis cinerea on grape berries during the later stages of infection.
- Figure 2
Overview of the interacting roles of pathogen biology, fungicide properties, and management strategies influencing fungicide efficacy and resistance development in Erysiphe necator, Plasmopara viticola, and Botrytis cinerea on grapevines. QoI, quinone outside inhibitors; DMI, demethylation inhibitors; FRAC, Fungicide Resistance Action Committee; SDHI, succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors.
- Figure 3
Types of fungicide resistance: cross-resistance, multidrug resistance, and multiple resistance found in Erysiphe necator, Plasmopara viticola, and Botrytis cinerea in grapevines. FRAC, Fungicide Resistance Action Committee; AP, anilinopyrimidines; DMI, demethylation inhibitor; QoI, quinone outside inhibitors; ABC, ATP-binding cassette; MFS, major facilitator superfamily; PP, phenylpyrroles; SDHI, succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors; CAA, carboxylic acid amides.
- Figure 4
A conceptual overview showing selection of fungicide resistance and the effect that the fungicide resistance fitness costs have on individuals in a pathogen population once fungicide selection pressure is removed. FRAC, Fungicide Resistance Action Committee.
Tables
- Table 1
Overview of fungicide groups and active ingredients labeled for management of grapevine powdery mildew (GPM), grapevine downy mildew (GDM), and botrytis bunch rot (BBR) in the United States (U.S.), including known target sites, resistance mechanisms, and global resistance reports (“Europe” in the “Countries with resistance” column represents any European country). FRAC, Fungicide Resistance Action Committee; qPCR, quantitative PCR; LAMP, loop-mediated isothermal amplification; HRM, high-resolution melting; N/A, not available; rhAMP, RNase-H-dependent polymerase chain amplification; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase.
Vol 76 Issue 2
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