PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU  - Gisselle R. Apud
AU  - Diego A. Sampietro
AU  - Pedro A. Aredes-Fernández
TI  - Quinones of &lt;em&gt;Macfadyena cynanchoides&lt;/em&gt; for Control of &lt;em&gt;Aspergillus carbonarius&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;Aspergillus niger&lt;/em&gt; in Wine
AID  - 10.5344/ajev.2021.21010
DP  - 2021 Nov 11
TA  - American Journal of Enology and Viticulture
PG  - ajev.2021.21010
4099  - http://www.ajevonline.org/content/early/2021/11/08/ajev.2021.21010.short
4100  - http://www.ajevonline.org/content/early/2021/11/08/ajev.2021.21010.full
AB  - The antiochratoxigenic (anti-OTA) activity of dichloromethane extract of Macfadyena cynanchoides stems, its antifungal metabolites (lapachol and 1-hydroxy-4-methyl anthraquinone) and sodium metabisulfite was evaluated alone and in combination with this commercial preservative on Aspergillus species at sub-lethal concentrations. Grape juice inoculated with 5×103 spores/mL of A. carbonarius or A. niger was supplemented with the extract (2500 to 156.3 µg/mL), the quinones (1250 to 78.1 µg/mL) or sodium metabisulfite (2500 to 156.3 µg/mL). OTA accumulation was measured in the sub-lethal concentrations after incubating in the dark for 6 days at 15°C. The extract and sodium metabisulfite completely inhibited growth of both fungi at 2500 µg/mL while lapachol and 1H4MA required 1250 µg/mL. Average OTA biosynthesis declined 30-60% respect to control at extract concentrations of 625-1250 µg/mL. Both lapachol and 1H4MA tested at 625 µg/mL exerted a similar anti-OTA effect with an average inhibition of 30%. In the case of sodium metabisulfite, it increased OTA production between 60 to 100% at all the sub-lethal concentrations. Binary mixtures of extract or lapachol or 1H4MA + sodium metabisulfite tested at concentrations of 9.8 + 156.3 µg/mL, 19.5 + 312.5 µg/mL and 39.1 + 625 µg/mL completely inhibited OTA production. In addition, the mixture lapachol + sodium metabisulfite (9.8 + 156.3 µg/mL) delayed a little the time required for completion of the alcoholic fermentation, but did not reduce the Saccharomyces cerevisiae viability or modify physico-chemical parameters measured at the end of the process. Our results show that the mixture sodium metabisulfite + lapachol has potential as an antifungal and anti-OTA agent useful to reduce the doses of sulfites in the control of Aspergillus on post-harvested grapes.