TY - JOUR T1 - Effects of 4-Chlorophenoxyacetic Acid and Girdling on the Anatomy of Black Corinth Grapes JF - American Journal of Enology and Viticulture JO - Am J Enol Vitic. SP - 140 LP - 144 DO - 10.5344/ajev.1960.11.3.140 VL - 11 IS - 3 AU - Ernest M. Gifford, Jr. AU - Robert J. Weaver Y1 - 1960/01/01 UR - http://www.ajevonline.org/content/11/3/140.abstract N2 - Spraying or dipping flower clusters of the Black Corinth grapevine in 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (4-CPA) at full bloom results in the formation of a good set, but the accompanying formation of hard seeds is objectionable in the dried currants. If sprays are applied 3-7 days after full bloom, the number of berries with hard seeds is greatly reduced. The structure of seeds from nearly mature berries from vines treated with 4-CPA at full bloom are compared with those of comparable age from girdled and control vines. An occasional seed from a girdled vine exhibits a structure generally characteristic of seeded varieties of grapes. No embryos were found in the seeds. However, the inner layer of the outer integument develops into a hard, often multilayered shell. Seeds from control vines degenerate, but they do possess a single layer of thickwalled cells in the outer integument. In 4-CPA treated vines there is a wide band of several layers of thick-walled cells, which have had their origin from the inner layer of the outer integument. Pedicels or "capstems" of 4-CPA treated vines are larger in diameter than those of girdled or control vines. The vascular cylinder is much wider and cells of the xylem (wood) are larger than girdled or control. A general discussion of the anatomical effects of substituted phenoxy compounds on plants is included. ER -