Table 1

Overview of fungicide groups and active ingredients labeled for management of grapevine powdery mildew (GPM), grapevine downy mildew (GDM), and botrytis bunch rot (BBR) in the United States (U.S.), including known target sites, resistance mechanisms, and global resistance reports (“Europe” in the “Countries with resistance” column represents any European country). FRAC, Fungicide Resistance Action Committee; qPCR, quantitative PCR; LAMP, loop-mediated isothermal amplification; HRM, high-resolution melting; N/A, not available; rhAMP, RNase-H-dependent polymerase chain amplification; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase.