Paraquat dichloride (methyl viologen; PQ) is an effective and widely used herbicide that has
a proven safety record when appropriately applied to eliminate weeds. However, over the …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a multifactorial chronic progressive neurodegenerative disease
influenced by age, and by genetic and environmental factors. The role of genetic …

Amphetamines represent a class of psychotropic compounds, widely abused for their
stimulant, euphoric, anorectic, and, in some cases, emphathogenic, entactogenic, and …

P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is an ATP-dependent efflux pump encoded by the MDR1 gene in humans,
known to mediate multidrug resistance of neoplastic cells to cancer therapy. For several …

“Ecstasy” [(±)-3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, MDMA, XTC, X, E] is a psychoactive
recreational hallucinogenic substance and a major worldwide drug of abuse. Several reports …

Vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid) has been known as an antioxidant for most people. However, its
physiological role is much larger and encompasses very different processes ranging from …

Ferroptosis is a type of regulated cell death characterized by intracellular accumulation of iron
and reactive oxygen species, inhibition of system Xc-, glutathione depletion, nicotinamide …

Forensic toxicology is the study and practice of the application of toxicology to the purposes
of the law. The relevance of any finding is determined, in the first instance, by the nature and …

Vitamin K is traditionally connected with blood coagulation, since it is needed for the
posttranslational modification of 7 proteins involved in this cascade. However, it is also involved in …

This review summarizes the current knowledge on essential vitamins B 1 , B 2 , B 3 , and B
5 . These B-complex vitamins must be taken from diet, with the exception of vitamin B 3 , that …